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Launched in 2021, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an astronomical observatory, designed to explore and observe the universe beyond the capabilities of its predecessor, the Hubble telescope. The JWST has primary mirror of 6.5m in diameter, the largest of any space-based telescope, and its advanced infrared technology, it can observe objects that were previously too faint, old, and distant for the Hubble telescope. Go back Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link James Webb Space Telescope: A Breakthrough in Space Exploration Last updated: 01/03/26 Published: 25/03/23 Launched in 2021, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an astronomical observatory, designed to explore and observe the universe beyond the capabilities of its predecessor, the Hubble telescope. The JWST has a primary mirror of 6.5m in diameter, the largest of any space-based telescope; and with its advanced infrared technology, it can observe objects that were previously too faint, old, and distant for the Hubble telescope. The JWST’s aim is to revolutionise the exploration of the cosmos by studying the earliest galaxies and stars, and to detect light from the first objects that were formed in the universe. In its short deployment time, the JWST has already provided us with fascinating new insights and images of the deep space, pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the cosmos. History of James Webb Space Telescope • 1996: Next Generation Space Telescope project first proposed (8m) • 2001: NEXUS Space Telescope, a precursor to the Next Generation Space Telescope, cancelled • 2002: Proposed project renamed James Webb Space Telescope, (mirror size reduced to 6 m) • 2003: Northrop Grumman awarded contract to build telescope • 2007: Memorandum of Understanding signed between NASA and ESA[72] • 2010: Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR) passed • 2011: Proposed cancellation • 2016: Final assembly completed • 2021: Launch Achievements of James Webb Space Telescope In its short deployment, the JWST has been able to provide some exceptional data, ranging from beautiful pictures of galaxies and nebulas, the first of its kind image of an exo planet and details of exo planets atmosphere. Since its launch, scientists have been discovering galaxies far away and older than ever before, the launch of this observatory has truly made a breakthrough in space exploration. Some of its achievements are explained more in detail below: • To begin with, the JWST has been able to capture some of the most breath-taking and beautiful images of nebulae and galaxies, in both visible light and infrared spectrum. The new pictures have changed the way we had observed these subjects, giving us a deeper insight into the formation stars in these nebulae due to its higher resolutions. Some of the most iconic pictures from the JWST so far have been the pictures of the pillars of creation and the southern ring nebula. • Studying exoplanets have always been a challenge for scientists, as due to their size exoplanets are only visible through analysis of dips in luminance of its host star. But for the first time, the JWST using its infrared spectrometer and primary lens, was able to capture an image of an exoplanet directly. • During its observations, the JWST has been able to study and explore many star systems and in some cases, the exoplanets as well- going as far as studying their atmospheres in some detail, giving the research teams an insight into what these worlds may look like. • The JWST, while observing the deep space, has been able to capture the oldest galaxies known to mankind, dated as old as 13.4 billion years, 350 million years after the Big Bang. Future of Space Exploration and JWST The launch of the JWST marks a significant milestone in the field of space exploration. Not only has it opened up a new era of scientific discovery, but it has also introduced a new era for large space structures. The JWST, being the first self-assembling telescope launched in space, has proven that the only viable option for launching such a massive instrument is to make it segmented and assemble it in orbit. As we move forward, the ability to launch large structures in space that can be reassembled will undoubtedly lead to even more significant discoveries. With 6000 hours allocated for different observation missions, the JWST will enable researchers to work towards solving more of the unanswered questions regarding the cosmos. From deep space observation to exoplanet analysis, the possibilities are endless. Written by Zari Syed Related article: Lonar Lake

An individual may be restricted to a certain range of physical activities which they can participate in. Individuals are usually reliant on the surrounding environment and the maintenance of facilities. If they are not kept well maintained, individuals are usually discouraged. Go back Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Influence of different environmental factors on exercise Last updated: 25/02/26 Published: 10/02/23 The characteristics of environmental factors: - Chemical safety - Air pollution - Climate change and natural disasters - Diseases caused by microbes - Lack of access to health care - Infrastructure issues - Poor water quality - Global environmental issues What are the impacts of these environmental influences on physical activity? An individual may be restricted to a certain range of physical activities which they can participate in. Individuals are usually reliant on the surrounding environment and the maintenance of facilities. If they are not kept well maintained, individuals are usually discouraged. The physiological effect on training: Climate change will disproportionately affect the most vulnerable in our populations, including the very young, the very old, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Training adjustments to compensate for the influence of environmental factors on training: - Treatments for heat stress- stop exercising / move to a shaded or air-conditioned area / remove excess clothing or equipment / drink cold beverages / sit in front of a fan / put a cool piece of cloth around neck / place entire body in cool water e.g. cool bath or shower - Treatments for cold stress- move to a warm environment / remove cold and wet clothes / find access to warm air such as heaters, or fireplace / use electric or non-electric blankets / drink warm beverages There is also the concept of blue and green exercise. This refers to physical activity performed in natural environments, specifically in areas with vegetation (green) or water (blue). Combining both, such as running along a coastal path, maximises benefits, reducing stress, anxiety, and depression while improving mood, self-esteem and cognitive function. Written by Kushwant Nathoo Related articles: Impacts of negligent exercise on physiology / Physical and mental health / Environmental impact of EVs

What my role entails Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Exploring My Role as a Clinical Computer Scientist in the NHS 17/04/25, 10:23 Last updated: Published: 06/05/24, 13:03 What my role entails When we think about career choices, we’re often presented with singular choices. Clinical Scientific Computing is a field that combines healthcare and computing. Despite it being relatively unknown, it is an important cog in the healthcare machine. When I applied for the Scientific Training Program in 2021, the specialism I applied for (Clinical Scientific Computing) had one of the lowest application rates out of approximately 27 specialisms. Awareness of this area has now improved, both thanks to better advertisement and exponential advancements in technology and healthcare. According to the NHS, there are now 26.8 thousand full-time equivalent healthcare scientists in England's NHS. As a clinical computer scientist, one's expertise can be applied in diverse settings, including medical physics laboratories and clinical engineering departments. My role in radiotherapy involves overseeing the technical aspects of clinical workflows, ensuring the seamless integration of technology in patient care. Training is a crucial part of being a proficient computer scientist. Especially with the growth of scientific fields in the NHS, there's always an influx of juniors and trainees, and that in turn, warrants the need for excellent trainers. A clinical scientist is someone who is proficient in their craft and able to explain complex concepts in layman's terms. As Einstein famously said: If you can't explain it to a 6-year-old, you can't understand it yourself. Although I am still technically a trainee, I am expected to partake in the training of the more junior trainees in my schedule. On a typical day, this may be as simple as explaining a program and demonstrating its application, or I may dismantle a PC and go through each component, one by one. At the core of clinical science is research. You won't go a day without working on at least one project and sometimes these may not even be your own. Collaboration with others is a huge part of the job. Every scientist has a different way of thinking about a problem, and this is exactly what keeps the wheels spinning in a scientific department. There are numerous times when I seek the help of others and vice versa. It is difficult to talk about 'typical' projects because they are often so varied in scientific computing, but it is likely that you will find yourself working on a variety of programming tasks. Having clinical know-how is crucial when working on projects in this field, and that aspect is exactly what separates the average computer scientist from the clinical computer scientist. A project I am currently working on involves radiation dose calculations, which naturally involves understanding the biological effects of radiation on the human body. This isn't a typical software development project so having a passion for healthcare is absolutely necessary. The unpredictability of technology means that troubleshooting is a constant aspect of our work. If something goes wrong in the department (which it often does), it is our responsibility as technical experts to quickly but effectively diagnose and fix the problems. The clinical workflow is highly sensitive in healthcare especially the cancer pathway where every minute counts. If a radiographer is unable to access patient records or there is an error with a planning system, this can have detrimental effects on the quality of patient care. Addressing errors, like those in treatment planning systems, necessitates a meticulous approach to diagnosis, often leading us from error code troubleshooting to on-site interventions. For example, I may be required to physically attend a treatment planning room and resolve an issue with the PC. This narrative offers a glimpse into the day-to-day life of a clinical computer scientist in the NHS, highlighting the critical blend of technical skill, continuous learning, and the profound impact on patient care. Through this lens, we can hopefully appreciate the essential role of clinical scientific computing in advancing healthcare, marked by innovation, collaboration, and a commitment to improving patient outcomes. This narrative offers a glimpse into the day-to-day life of a clinical computer scientist in the NHS, highlighting the critical blend of technical skill, continuous learning, and the profound impact on patient care. Through this lens, we can hopefully appreciate the essential role of clinical scientific computing in advancing healthcare, marked by innovation, collaboration, and a commitment to improving patient outcomes. For more information on this specialism . Written by Jaspreet Mann Related articles: Virtual reality in healthcare / Imposter syndrome in STEM Project Gallery

Famine-induced epigenetic changes and public health strategies in affected populations Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Why South Asian genes remember famine Last updated: 18/09/25, 08:44 Published: 23/01/25, 08:00 Famine-induced epigenetic changes and public health strategies in affected populations Our genes are often thought of as a fixed blueprint, but what if our environment could change how they work? This is the intriguing idea behind epigenetics—a field that shows how our environment, combined with the body’s adaptive responses for survival, can influence gene expression without altering our DNA. In South Asia, famines such as the infamous Bengal Famine of 1943 caused immense suffering, and these hardships may have triggered genetic changes that continue to affect generations. Today, South Asians face an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes by age 25, whereas White Europeans generally encounter this risk around age 40. What is driving this difference in risk? This article will explore the science behind these epigenetic changes, their impact on the descendants of famine survivors and how these insights can shape public health, policy, and research. The legacy of historical famines In 1943, the Bengal Famine claimed around three million lives. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen argues that the severity of the famine was not merely a result of prior natural disasters and disease outbreaks in crops. Instead, it was primarily driven by wartime inflation, speculative buying, and panic hoarding, which disrupted food distribution across the Bengal region. Consequently, for the average Bengali citizen, death from starvation, disease, and malnutrition became widespread and inevitable. The impact of the famine extended well beyond the immediate loss of life. Dr Mubin Syed, a radiologist specialising in vascular and obesity medicine, emphasises that these famines have left a lasting mark on the health of future generations. Dr Syed explains that South Asians, having endured numerous famines, have inherited "starvation-adapted" traits. These traits are characterised by increased fat storage. As a result, the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity is heightened in their descendants. This tendency towards fat storage is believed to be closely tied to epigenetic factors, which play a crucial role in how these traits are passed down through generations. Epigenetic mechanisms and their impact These inherited traits are shaped by complex epigenetic mechanisms, which regulate gene expression in response to environmental stressors like famines without altering the underlying DNA sequence. DNA methylation, a process involving the addition of small chemical groups to DNA, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression. When a gene is 'on,' it is actively transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), resulting in the synthesis of proteins such as enzymes that regulate energy metabolism or hormones like insulin that manage blood sugar levels. Conversely, when a gene is 'off,' it is not transcribed, leading to a deficiency of these essential proteins. During periods of famine, increased DNA methylation can enhance the body's ability to conserve and store energy by altering the activity of metabolism-related genes. Epigenetic inheritance, a phenomenon where some epigenetic tags escape the usual reprogramming process and persist across generations, plays a crucial role in how famine-induced traits are passed down. Typically, reproductive cells undergo a reprogramming phase where most epigenetic tags are erased to reset the genetic blueprint. However, certain DNA methylation patterns can evade this erasure and remain attached to specific genes in the germ cells, the cells that develop into sperm and egg cells. These persistent modifications can influence gene expression in the next generation, affecting metabolic traits and responses to environmental stressors. This means the metabolic adaptations seen in famine survivors, such as increased fat storage and altered hormone levels, can be transmitted to their descendants, predisposing them to similar health risks. Research has highlighted how these inherited traits manifest in distinct hormone profiles across different ethnic groups. A study published in Diabetes Care found that South Asians had higher leptin levels (11.82 ng/mL) and lower adiponectin levels (9.35 µg/mL) compared to Europeans, whose leptin levels were 9.21 ng/mL and adiponectin levels were 12.96 µg/mL. Leptin, encoded by the LEP gene, is a hormone that reduces appetite and encourages fat storage. Adiponectin, encoded by the ADIPOQ gene, improves insulin sensitivity and supports fat metabolism. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation in the LEP and ADIPOQ genes, have led to these imbalances which were advantageous for South Asian populations during times of famine. Elevated leptin levels helped ensure the body could maintain energy reserves for survival, while lower adiponectin levels slowed fat breakdown, preserving stored fat for future use. This energy-conservation mechanism allowed individuals to endure long periods of food scarcity. Remarkably, these epigenetic changes can be passed down to subsequent generations. As a result, descendants continue to exhibit these metabolic traits, even in the absence of famine conditions. This inherited imbalance—higher leptin levels and lower adiponectin—leads to a higher predisposition to metabolic disorders. Increased leptin levels can cause leptin resistance, where the body no longer responds properly to leptin’s signals, driving overeating and fat accumulation. Simultaneously, reduced adiponectin weakens the body’s ability to regulate insulin and break down fats efficiently, resulting in higher blood sugar levels and greater fat storage. These combined effects heighten the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in South Asian populations today. Integrating cultural awareness in health strategies Understanding famine-induced epigenetic changes provides a compelling case for rethinking public health strategies in affected populations. While current medicine cannot reverse famine-induced epigenetic changes in South Asians, culturally tailored interventions and preventive measures are crucial to reducing metabolic risks. These should include personalised dietary plans, preventive screenings, and targeted healthcare programmes. For example, the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme showed that lifestyle changes reduced diabetes risk by 28.5% among high-risk individuals. Equally, policymakers must consider the broader societal factors that contribute to these health risks, and qualitative studies highlight challenges in shifting cultural attitudes. Expectations that women prepare meals in line with traditional norms often limit healthier dietary options.Differing perceptions of physical activity can complicate efforts to promote healthier lifestyles. For example, a study in East London found that some communities consider prayer sufficient exercise, which adds complexity to changing attitudes. Facing our past to secure a healthier future As we uncover the long-term effects of environmental stressors like historical famines, it becomes clear that our past is not just a distant memory but an active force shaping our present and future health. Epigenetic changes inherited from South Asian ancestors who endured famine have heightened the risk of metabolic disorders in their descendants. For instance, UK South Asian men have been found to have nearly double the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) compared to White Europeans. Consultant cardiologist Dr Sonya Babu-Narayan has stated, “Coronary heart disease is the world’s biggest killer and the most common cause of premature death in the UK.” With over 5 million South Asians in the UK alone, this stark reality requires immediate action. We must not only address the glaring gaps in scientific research but also develop targeted public health policies to tackle these inherited health risks. These traits are not relics of the past; they are living legacies that, without swift intervention, will continue to affect generations to come. To truly address the inherited health risks South Asians face, we must go beyond surface-level awareness and commit to long-term, systemic change. Increasing funding for research that directly focuses on the unique health challenges within this population is non-negotiable. Equally crucial are culturally tailored public health initiatives that resonate with the affected communities, alongside comprehensive education programmes that empower individuals to take control of their health. These steps are not just about improving outcomes—they’re about breaking a cycle. The question, therefore, is not simply whether we understand these epigenetic changes, but whether we have the resolve to confront their full implications. Can we muster the political will needed to confront these inherited risks? Can we unite our efforts to stop these risks from affecting the health of entire communities? The cost of inaction is not just measured in statistics—it will be felt in the lives lost and the potential unrealised. The time to act is now. Written by Naziba Sheikh Related articles: Epigenetics / Food deserts and malnutrition / Mental health in South Asian communities / Global health injustices- Kashmir , Bangladesh REFERENCES Safi, M. (2019). Churchill’s policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study . Bakar, F. (2022). How History Still Weighs Heavy on South Asian Bodies Today. [online] HuffPost UK. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/south-asian-health-colonial-history_uk_620e74fee4b055057aac0e9f . Sayed, M., Deek, F. and Shaikh, A. (2022). The Susceptibility of South Asians to Cardiometabolic Disease as a Result of Starvation Adaptation Exacerbated During the Colonial Famines. [online] Research Gate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366596806_The_Susceptibility_of_South_Asians_to_Cardiometabolic_Disease_as_a_Result_of_Starvation_Adaptation_Exacerbated_During_the_Colonial_Famines#:~:text=This%20crisis%20could%20be%20the,adapted%20physiology%20can%20become%20harmful . Utah.edu . (2009). Epigenetics & Inheritance. [online] Available at: https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/inheritance/ . Palaniappan, L., Garg, A., Enas, E., Lewis, H., Bari, S., Gulati, M., Flores, C., Mathur, A., Molina, C., Narula, J., Rahman, S., Leng, J. and Gany, F. (2018). South Asian Cardiovascular Disease & Cancer Risk: Genetics & Pathophysiology. Journal of Community Health, 43(6), pp.1100–1114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-018-0527-8 . Diabetes UK (2022). Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the South Asian Community. [online] Diabetes UK. Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/node/12895 . King, M. (2024). South Asian Heritage Month: A Journey Through History and Culture . [online] Wearehomesforstudents.com . Available at: https://wearehomesforstudents.com/blog/south-asian-heritage-month-a-journey-through-history-and-culture . Project Gallery

Common questions and answers- along with helpful resources- regarding the International Baccalaureate programme. International Baccalaureate (IB) Are you a student currently studying the IB Diploma Programme (IBDP), or about to commence it? You're in the right place! You may also like: Personal statements , A-level resources , University prep and Extra resources What is the IB? Jump to resources The IB is an International Academic Program which is another alternative to A levels. This is a highly academic program with final exams that prepare students for university and careers. You select one subject from each of the five categories, which include two languages, social sciences, experimental sciences, and mathematics. You must also choose either an arts subject from the sixth group or another from the first to fifth groups. How is the IB graded? Subjects might differ from schools and countries but these are the ideal subjects given in the IB. IB is graded through a point system (7 being the highest and 1 being the lowest) and the highest mark you can achieve in total is 45. For the 6 subjects you study you can achieve a maximum of 42 points. Theory of Knowledge and Extended Essay are combined to gain 3 extra bonus points. These 2 subjects will be marked from A (highest) to E (lowest) and then will be converted to points. What are the benefits of studying the IB? Even though there are a lot of subjects, this programme is great for students to gain new skills and be an all- rounder. IB also helps students to have a better idea of how work will be in university especially with coursework and that is one of the main things you will work on when studying IB- it is known as Internal Asssessment (IA). Doing CAS is also a great opportunity for students to be independent and find activities/ services to do outside of school to build up their portfolio on CAS as well as their CV/ personal statement when applying for university. The marking matrix used in the IB. How do universities use the IB to select students? All universities around the world accept the IB as a qualification gained in secondary school. Depending on the degree you are applying to, universities mainly focus on your Higher Level (HL) subjects. Each university has their own requirements for students applying to study a course at their institution. The most common way is considering your total point score out of 45, and your total point score of your HL subjects. Another way is asking applicants to achieve a certain grade in a particular grade at HL or at standard level (SL). If you complete the IB programme well enough, universities may prefer you over the other qualifications e.g. A-levels. Benefits of completing the IB programme. Resources for revision Websites to help Official IB website and the IB Bookshop Maths IA ideas Maths Analysis and Approaches SL and HL practice questions Maths resources in general / Worksheets and more Biology- BioNinja Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths- Revision Village / Save My Exams Biology, Chemistry, Maths- IB Dead IB Psychology IB Computer Science resources YouTube channels to help Chemistry- Richard Thornley Physics- Chris Doner Textbooks for both HL and SL Bio: Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Biology Course Biology for the IB Diploma by Brenda Walpole Chem: Chemistry Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Chemistry Course Chemistry for the IB Diploma Coursebook with Cambridge Elevate Enhanced Edition b y Steve Owen Physics: Physics Oxford IB Diploma Programme: Physics Course Physics for the IB Diploma with Cambridge by T. A. Tsokos Maths: Maths Oxford IB Diploma Programme- IB Mathematics: analysis and approaches / applications and interpretations

Pre-diabetes is a period before the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. When level of blood sugar rise above the normal level but it is not high enough to considered as a diabetes. The blood sugar level range between 100-125mg/dl is considered as a pre-diabetes. Causes of pre-diabetes: Obesity Family Go Back Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Pre-diabetes Last updated: 01/03/26 Published: 14/06/23 Pre-diabetes is the period before the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus; when the level of blood sugar rises above the normal level but it is not high enough to considered as diabetes. The blood sugar level ranges between 100 and 125mg/dl in pre-diabetes. Causes of pre-diabetes: Obesity Family history Genetic history Lack of physical activity High calories diet Sign and symptoms: Pre-diabetes does not have any sign and symptoms. Though some of these symptoms may appear: Increase thirst Frequent urination Increased appetite Fatigue Frequent infections Prevention: In medical science, ‘prevention is better than cure’. So, pre-diabetes is one of the most preventable diseases. There are several ways to prevent diabetes such as dietary intervention, physical activities and lifestyle modifications. A low carbohydrate diet focuses on protein and non-starchy food. Low carbohydrate diets help in reducing weight; if patients have diabetes already, then it will help to lower medication dose and reducing morbidity overall. APPLICATION OF LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET FOR PRE-DIABETES: Low carbohydrate diets are sometimes recommended to individuals who are being treated for diabetes. These diets can be safe and effective in helping people with type 2 diabetes to manage their weight, blood glucose level, and risk of heart disease in the short term . A healthy, balanced meal. Overall, medium-low carbohydrate diets (30%) are effective and sustainable in the long term for most people. As well as reducing your overall carbohydrate intake, replace refined carbohydrate (e.g. white bread and white rice) with high fibre, and complex carbohydrates (e.g. oats and sweet potato) where possible. Reducing your intake of ultra-processed foods (e.g. biscuits and cakes) will also help you avoid refined carbohydrates and reduce sweet cravings. When adapting to a new way of eating, it can be tricky to know how your plate should look. Above is a plate which is an example of how your plate might look, depending on whether you are including complex carbohydrates. Altogether, low carbohydrate diets are helpful for prediabetic or diabetic individuals to maintain their sugar level and ultimately reduce the incidence rate of diabetes globally. Written by Chhaya Dhedi Related articles: Diabetes to become an epidemic? / Diabetes drug to treat Parkinson's

Restoring cardiac tissue and reducing heart failure Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Why is there a need for cardiac regeneration? Last updated: 13/03/25, 11:37 Published: 06/03/25, 08:00 Restoring cardiac tissue and reducing heart failure Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale. Among its various manifestations, heart failure (HF) stands out as a significant public health concern, with a prevalence exceeding 23 million individuals worldwide. Heart failure, especially after a heart attack (myocardial infarction) or ischemic heart disease, is a major challenge. The five-year survival rate is less than 50%. In these patients, functional cardiomyocytes are substantially lost (cardiomyocytes refer to cardiac muscle cells). The remaining cardiomyocytes often attempt to compensate for this loss; however, this compensatory mechanism can lead to scar tissue formation, subsequently compromising the overall functionality of the cardiac muscle. Despite numerous advancements in medical science and therapeutic interventions, restoring lost cardiomyocytes in the adult mammalian heart remains a significant obstacle due to its poor regenerative capacity. Consequently, there exists an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Cardiac regeneration has emerged as a promising field of research focused on restoring cardiac tissue and reducing heart failure, offering hope for improved clinical outcomes in affected patients. Approaches for cardiac regeneration Cardiac regeneration has emerged as a pivotal area of research, and various innovative strategies, including stem cell therapies and gene therapy, are being explored. Stem cell therapies: Stem cell therapies utilise the ability of stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes or release factors that promote tissue repair. Preclinical studies involving animal models and early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated that stem cell interventions can enhance cardiac function. However, significant challenges remain concerning the efficacy and safety of these therapies in human subjects, necessitating further investigation. Gene therapy: Gene therapy delivers specific genes that directly support cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival to damaged cardiac tissue. Introducing these genes can activate specific intracellular signalling pathways, resulting in the replication and maturation of cardiac muscle cells. Ultimately, this strategy aims to restore normal heart function and improve cardiac health. Benefits of cardiac regeneration Cardiac regeneration has the potential to significantly enhance survival rates and improve the quality of life for patients with heart conditions. Compared to heart transplantation, cardiac regeneration offers a less invasive alternative with fewer complications related to immune rejection and lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Some of the potential benefits of cardiac regeneration are: Replacing the scar formation and improving heart function Reduce the dependency on medications Alternative to heart transplantation Reducing the healthcare costs Challenges to cardiac regeneration Cardiac regeneration remains a complex field marked by ethical considerations and scientific challenges that require thorough exploration. Stem cell therapy limitations include low engraftment rates, potential tumorigenesis, and difficulty effectively integrating host cardiac tissue. Additionally, immune rejection poses a substantial risk, affecting safety and efficacy. Beyond biological hurdles, the high cost of research, treatment development, and patient care presents a significant challenge to widespread adoption. Regulatory approval processes add another layer of complexity, as therapies must meet stringent safety and efficacy standards before clinical use. Furthermore, scalability remains an issue, as translating experimental techniques into large-scale, cost-effective treatments is a major obstacle in making cardiac regeneration accessible to a broader population. Moreover, it is imperative to deepen our understanding of the roles played by non-cardiomyocyte cell types such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells in cardiac regeneration. Conclusion Cardiac regeneration is a ray of hope for heart patients, significantly enhancing their chances of survival and quality of life. Therefore, cardiac regeneration demands thorough exploration, as it has the potential to transform the treatment and management of cardiovascular disease. Written by Prabha Rana Related article: Hypertension REFERENCES Baccouche, B. M., Elde, S., Wang, H., & Woo, Y. J. (2024). Structural, angiogenic, and immune responses influencing myocardial regeneration: a glimpse into the crucible. Npj Regenerative Medicine, 9(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41536-024-00357-z Pezhouman, A., Nguyen, N. B., Kay, M., Kanjilal, B., Noshadi, I., & Ardehali, R. (2023). Cardiac regeneration - Past advancements, current challenges, and future directions. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 182, 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.07.009 Sacco, A. M., Castaldo, C., di Meglio, F. di, Nurzynska, D., Palermi, S., Spera, R., Gnasso, R., Zinno, G., Romano, V., & Belviso, I. (2023). The Long and Winding Road to Cardiac Regeneration. Applied Sciences, 13(16), 9432. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169432 van der Pol, A., & Bouten, C. V. C. (2021). A Brief History in Cardiac Regeneration, and How the Extra Cellular Matrix May Turn the Tide. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.682342 Wang, J., An, M., Haubner, B. J., & Penninger, J. M. (2023). Cardiac regeneration: Options for repairing the injured heart. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.981982 Project Gallery

Pisaster ochraceus (also known as ‘ochre stars’) is a keystone species and common starfish found in the Pacific Ocean and are very interesting species to research on. They are found mainly in Alaska and Baja California. Their size range from 15 to 36cm in diameter come in different ranges of colours eg: red, yellow, orange and purple. Go back Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Designing an experiment on sea stars Last updated: 01/03/26 Published: 25/03/23 Title: How do light and dark rocky surfaces affect the relative fitness of the orange and purple ochre stars? Pisaster ochraceus (also known as ‘ochre stars’) is a keystone species and common starfish found in the Pacific Ocean and are very interesting species to research on. They are found mainly in Alaska and Baja California. Their size range from 15 to 36cm in diameter come in different ranges of colours eg: red, yellow, orange and purple. They are mainly found near rocky shores and found under rocks and in crevices in the low and intertidal zones and they often cluster together. They are simple organisms, they do not have brain or ganglia and around its mouth there is a nerve ring which connects with 5 radial nerves. The population of Pisaster ochraceus that are orange are 6- 28%, whilst majority are purple and researchers have seen that mainly genetic traits cause these species to have different colours whilst they develop. There have also been experiments that examined how colour changes across the geographic range. Figure 1: Image of purple and orange ochre stars The aim of the experiment would be to see how either light or dark rocky surfaces affect the relative fitness of the orange and purple ochre stars, meaning their offspring. The relative fitness shows how much fitness there is in a genotype compared to the maximum fitness. Before starting this experiment, a risk assessment has to be done to make sure it is safe and increases hazard awareness when the experiment is being done. The likelihood, severity and risk has to be looked into during the assessment and how to reduce the risk. One example is, doing the experiment by the shores can be risky due to wind waves and tides and so appropriate footwear has to be worn and the weather should be looked into before going to do this experiment. There are going to be control variables such as: season, quadrat area, number of samples calculated and same equipment being used throughout the whole day so validity would be affected. The uncontrolled variables would be: temperature, pH of seawater and predators that consume Pisaster ochraceus . In order to see how the Pisaster ochraceus are affected, 10 - 15 sites should be chosen and a quadrat can be used (10 metres by 10 metres) on each site and running parallel by using a tape measure on darker rocky surfaces and then after on lighter rocky surfaces. This will be useful as you can see the distribution. Place 15 quadrats randomly over each area in every site to work out the abundance. Within each quadrat, orange and purple Pisaster ochraceus are counted separately to illustrate the set of results with the different colours and the rocky surfaces on a table of results. After collecting the results, this should be shown on a set of tables and then placed on a stratified bar graph showing all the sites, the colour of the starfish (on the x- axis) and results of relative fitness(on the y-axis) showing a good visualisation of the experiment. A paired t-test should be done as we want to see the difference between two variables which are the light and dark rocky surfaces for the same sample which is the colour of the starfish through their means. It should then be concluded by seeing which morph has a higher relative fitness and conclude to see if there is an effect. If the p-value is lesser or equal to the significance value, then the hypothesis should be rejected. If the p-value is higher than the significance value the hypothesis should be accepted. Figure 2: Purple and orange ochre stars on rocky surfaces Carrying out an experiment in a natural environment is an advantage as this can be reflected on real life therefore having higher ecological validity. However, doing this experiment can have some disadvantages, even though this is cost-effective and done in a natural environment, we do not know how reliable these results will be because the collection of results can have some inaccuracy. Also, it also has to be understood that many other biotic and abiotic factors can affect this experiment. As it is done in the natural environment there will be issues with Pisaster ochraceus being predated by sea otters or even seagulls which can have an effect on results and also making it less generalisable. Air temperature and water temperature can also have an effect on these species as well and it cannot be controlled which can create issues on results. Also, by using a quadrat, it can be prone to human errors (miscounting or overcounting) and having randomly spaced quadrats, can miss out individual species therefore showing under-representative estimates and results in the populations of the Pisaster ochraceus . More repeats would have to be done throughout the years to collect more accurate results and also be tested by other variables such as temperature, wave exposure and even pH of seawater to see if this also affects relative fitness of Pisaster ochraceus with different colouration. It is important to think about the ethical considerations as it is a natural area and these species organisms live there and it should not be damaged before, during and after the experiment. The creatures must be respected as well as the environment they live in. With many equipment being used, it is vital not to interfere with the organisms, create litter or disturb the habitat as it will be unethical. In conclusion, this experiment is effective as it is done in a natural environment at different sites but it will be time consuming due to changes in weather and working out the abundance over all the sites for a long period of time. By doing the paired t-test, a difference in the two means can be seen and create smaller effects on error from the samples. Written by Jeevana Thavarajah Related articles: An experiment on castor oil / on pendulums REFERENCES The Biological Bulletin. 2022. Color Polymorphism and Genetic Structure in the Sea Star Pisaster ochraceus | The Biological Bulletin: Vol 211, No 3. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 January 2022]. Animal Diversity Web. 2022. Pisaster ochraceus. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 January 2022]. Sanctuarysimon.org. 2022. SIMoN :: Species Database. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 January 2022]. Rgs.org. 2022. Royal Geographical Society - Fieldwork in schools. [online] Available at: [Accessed 18 January 2022].

The true cost Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Turkey Teeth 04/04/26, 15:32 Last updated: Published: 26/11/23, 10:57 The true cost Coined as 'Turkey teeth,' the rising trend of dental tourism has gained increasing popularity among the British population, largely influenced by social media. Many people are now traveling abroad for veneers, crowns, and implants, in the hope of achieving the perfect smile at a fraction of the cost in the UK. However, patients may be paying with their future oral health in the long run, as evidence emerges of botched procedures, with crucial steps missed and patients having long-lasting pain following their treatment. Many young people opt to visit cosmetic dentistry clinics in European countries to obtain veneers due to their cheaper costs compared to the UK dental fees, given that cosmetic dentistry is not covered under the subsidised NHS prices. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that many consumers are in fact receiving full dental crowns without their knowledge, as opposed to veneers, thus sacrificing more of their natural tooth structure in the trade for a seemingly perfect smile. A critical difference between crowns and veneers is the amount of natural tooth structure removed to fit the prosthesis. Veneers are a much more minimally invasive fix, whereby 0.5mm of enamel is shaved away to allow a porcelain cover to fit to the surface of the tooth. Veneers are primarily used to conceal enamel discoloration, variations in shades, and natural tooth shapes. The minimally invasive procedure preserves tooth tissue and can even be potentially reversible in cases where there has been no preparation to the tooth. Crowns in the UK are vastly indicated for badly broken-down teeth and teeth deemed unrestorable. The preparation for a crown is far more invasive, with a significant amount of tooth structure irreversibly removed. This process sees teeth shaved down, with almost 2mm of the structure being irreversibly removed. Filing down teeth when they are otherwise perfectly clinically healthy can have dire consequences, and many patients returning to England have found themselves needing corrective work to rectify the procedures they underwent abroad. A study conducted by the Irish Dental Association revealed that 75% of those who travelled abroad for dental procedures required corrective work back home. The harsh reality of this treatment is that it can result in severe infections, long-lasting tooth pain, inflamed gums, exposed nerves, and heightened sensitivity. The destructive process of crown preparations in clinically healthy teeth increases the likelihood of exposing the tooth's pulp as more tooth tissue is removed, making the tooth more susceptible to infection. If the tooth's pulp becomes exposed, a costly and uncomfortable root canal procedure may be necessary. In the long term, these patients are more likely to lose the affected teeth altogether, as irreversible damage has occurred to the teeth. Another disadvantage of quick-fix dentistry abroad is the lack of follow-up appointments. In the UK, services such as occlusion checks are offered to ensure the bite is correct and that the veneers provide the desired result while lasting for an extended period. In contrast, dental procedures abroad are often expedited, sometimes limited to a single appointment as tourists return home swiftly to resume their daily lives. This can raise the risk of rushed procedures and a lack of follow-up to ensure the prosthetics' longevity. This has seen patients crowns falling off, and leaving their teeth exposed. In a typical UK dental clinic, the process involves an initial assessment, a dental health check, trial designs, and finally, the fitting of new veneers. Teeth are meticulously assessed for potential issues, including periodontal disease, and bite evaluations are performed to ensure that the prosthetics do not interfere with the occlusion. This comprehensive approach differs significantly from the one-appointment dentistry often observed abroad. Love Island's Jack Finham underwent the procedure and documented his experience across social media to thousands of followers. He later went on to reveal that in hindsight, he would not have chosen the procedure has he known its intricacies. Influencers are slowly turning to reveal the true costs of fast dentistry abroad, and it can only be hoped that consumers become better informed on the processes performed abroad, and are more well informed before making an irreversible decision for their teeth. In conclusion, it is imperative for consumers to be well-informed when considering dental procedures, especially when faced with the allure of cheaper veneers, or rather crowns abroad. While the cost savings may initially seem enticing, the potential risks associated with overseas treatments, including inadequate follow-ups, irreversible damage to natural tooth structure, and a lack of comprehensive assessments, should not be overlooked. Opting for dentistry in the UK provides a safer and more comprehensive approach, with qualified professionals who prioritise patients' oral health and long-term well-being. While affordability is a significant consideration, the adage "you get what you pay for" holds true in the realm of dental care. Informed decision-making and prioritising one's health should always take precedence when seeking dental treatments, ensuring not only a beautiful smile but also lasting oral health. Written by Isha Parmar Project Gallery

The Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, are a result of the Sun's immense gravity weakening with increasing distance from its centre, enabling the outermost regions of the Sun's corona to escape as solar wind, which travels towards Earth. Go Back Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Why were the Northern Lights seen in the UK? Last updated: 01/03/26 Published: 05/04/23 On the 26th and 27th of February 2023, the UK experienced a rare treat - a “Red Alert” indicating a good chance of seeing the Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis. This captivating event drew people from all over the country, eager to witness one of nature's most awe-inspiring displays. But why is it that opportunities to observe the Northern Lights from the lower latitudes of the UK, France, and Germany are so rare? To truly appreciate the answer to this question, it's important to understand the fascinating science behind the Northern Lights and the 'Northern' aspect that gives them their name. What are the Northern Lights? The Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, are a result of the Sun's immense gravity weakening with increasing distance from its centre, enabling the outermost regions of the Sun's corona to escape as solar wind, which travels towards Earth. The boundary at which the solar wind and corona are distinguished is known as the Alfvén surface. This solar wind is a plasma composed of protons, electrons, and other charged particles, which collide with atoms in Earth's atmosphere and excite the electrons in these atoms to higher energy levels. Upon de-excitation, the energy gained via collisions is released by the emission of light. Lucky observers saw the characteristic emerald green hues, which result from oxygen atoms at an altitude of around 100km. Those luckier still may have seen crimson aurorae caused by oxygen atoms at roughly 150km upwards. We observe different colours because the chemical composition of Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude. The Northern Lights. Credit: Evan Boyce Why are they (typically) only visible at the poles? The solar wind travels at millions of kilometres per hour and engulfs the Earth. Equatorial regions are protected by Earth's magnetic field as it deflects the solar wind. However, the magnetic field converges at Earth's magnetic poles, redirecting the charged particles of the solar wind to these high-latitude regions, such as Scandinavia and Canada. The same effect occurs at the southern magnetic pole, only these lights are named "Aurora Australis." The "auroral zone" is the region of Earth's atmosphere associated with this magnetic funnelling of charged particles. It takes the shape of an annulus centred on Earth's north magnetic pole and is usually in the 65°-70° latitude range. Why were they visible in the UK last month? The “auroral zone” is key to understanding this question. It is by no means a fixed or static region. There happened to be two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) which arrived at Earth on consecutive nights. The much greater intensity of these CMEs can give rise to distortions to the magnetic field lines resulting in what is called a geomagnetic storm. This triggers the expansion of the ‘auroral zone’ to lower latitudes, thus allowing the Northern Lights to be seen by UK observers. A graph displaying geomagnetic activity with universal time (UTC). Credit: @aurorawatchuk on Twitter How to know when to look? AuroraWatch UK is a free service run by the Lancaster University Department of Physics, providing alerts on the likelihood of observing the Northern Lights. This likelihood is based on geomagnetic activity measurements - disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field - from a network of magnetometers called SAMNET (Sub-Auroral Magnetometer Network). I will certainly be eagerly awaiting the next “Red Alert” and hoping for clear skies! Written by Joseph Brennan