Our planet's ecosystems are teeming with life! Navigate the intricate web of interactions in these intriguing articles. How do organisms relate to one another and their surroundings? Ecology Articles Our planet's ecosystems are teeming with life! Navigate the intricate web of interactions in these intriguing articles. How do organisms relate to one another and their surroundings? You may also like: Biology, Zoology Galápagos Tortoises An end at the beginning: their conservation Beavers are back in Britain The role of beavers in the ecosystem and their reintroduction in the UK. Article #3 in a series on animal conservation around the world. Pangolins in China From poached to protected. Article #4 in a series on animal conservation around the world. Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique From conflict to community. Article #5 in a series on animal conservation around the world. Wildlife corridors Why did the sloth cross the road? Meet the microbes that feed phosphorus to plants Plants need phosphorus to make biological molecules like DNA, ATP, and the phospholipid bilayers that form cell membranes How human activity impacts the phosphorus cycle Discussing eutrophication and industrial activities Rock, paper, survival? This theory occurs when three equally strong variants coexist in a population Behind the scenes of a David Attenborough documentary People behind the scenes, filming challenges (e.g. physical toll), technology and other factors Beak diversity in Darwin's finches The finches are a classic example of adaptive radiation The diversity of bat faces The New World leaf-nosed bats of the ‘Phyllostomidae’ family are known for their diversity, specifically their diverse skull shapes and therefore face shapes

Step into the intricate field of dentistry and learn about dental tourism, tooth decay, water fluoridation- and more. Dentistry Articles Step into the intricate field of dentistry and learn about dental tourism, tooth decay, water fluoridation- and more. You may also like: Medicine Water fluoridation Diving deep Dental tourism What is 'Turkey teeth'? Tooth decay And how to prevent it COMING SOON

Resources specific to A-levels to help students with revision. A-levels Are you a student currently studying A-levels, or looking to choose them in the near future? Read below for tips and guidance! You may also like: Personal statements , IB resources , University prep and Extra resources What are A-levels? Jump to resources A-levels, short for Advanced Level qualifications, are a widely recognised and highly regarded educational program typically taken by students in the United Kingdom (UK) and some other countries. They are usually studied in the final two years of secondary education, typically between the ages of 16 and 18. A-levels offer students the opportunity to specialise in specific subjects of their choice. Students typically choose three or four subjects to study, although this may vary depending on the educational institution. The subjects available can be diverse, covering areas such as sciences, humanities, social sciences, languages, and arts. How are A-levels graded? The A-level grading system is based on a letter grade scale in the UK. Here's an overview of the A-level grading system: Grades: A* (pronounced "A-star"): The highest grade achievable, demonstrating exceptional performance. A: Excellent performance, indicating a strong understanding of the subject. B: Very good performance, showing a solid grasp of the subject. C: Good performance, representing a satisfactory level of understanding. D: Fair performance, indicating a basic understanding of the subject. E: Marginal performance, showing a limited understanding of the subject. U: Ungraded, indicating that the student did not meet the minimum requirements to receive a grade. What are the benefits of studying A-level? A-levels provide students with a variety of advantages, such as a solid academic foundation for further education, the chance to focus on interest-specific areas, and flexibility in planning their course of study. Transferable abilities like critical thinking, problem-solving, and independent research are developed in A-levels, improving both prospects for entrance to universities and future employment opportunities. These widely respected credentials encourage intellectual vigour, intellectual curiosity, and a love of lifelong study. A-levels provide students with a strong foundation for success in higher education and a variety of career pathways, thanks to their academic rigour and global renown. Resources for revision Web sites to hel p Maths / Maths and Further Maths Chemistry / Chemrevise / Chemguide Biology / Quizzes Physics: A-level Physics / Isaac Physics Computer Science topic-by-topic Teach Computer Science Psychology All subjects / Seneca Learning / Save My Exams Physics and Maths Tutor YouTube channels to hel p Chemistry- Allery Chemistry and Eliot Rintoul Past p apers Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Maths Textbooks (depend on exam board) CGP range for Bio, Chem, Phys, and Maths- exam practice workbooks

Is bacteria the key to unlocking this treatment? Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link A breakthrough in endometriosis treatment 27/03/25, 12:05 Last updated: Published: 29/06/23, 10:16 Is bacteria the key to unlocking this treatment? In a giant leap forward, scientists have linked a specific bacterial infection to endometriosis for the very first time. Endometriosis is a condition in which the endometrium (lining of the uterus wall) grows outside of the uterus. For many women, the condition is characterised by debilitating pain, fatigue and infertility. The average time span for an accurate diagnosis is 7.5 years, with some women opting for a complete hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) to curb the pain. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis (the process by which a disease develops) of endometriosis is still relatively unknown. With previous scientific theories including retrograde menstruation, immune dysregulation, hormonal imbalance, stem cells and benign metastasis- this is the first time a bacterial theory has been forwarded. Dr Muraoka and his team theorised a link between bacterial localisation within the female reproductive tract and endometriosis- following promising research carried out on mice models. The Japanese study discovered a bacterium known as Fusobacterium to be present in the uteruses of 65% of women suffering from endometriosis, compared to less than 7% of women without the disease. Fusobacterium is a bacterium which is mostly found within the microbe of the mouth, gut and vagina. This bacterium has been linked to other inflammatory diseases such as gum disease. Follow-up studies- undertaken on mice- discovered that those treated with antibiotics saw a significant reduction in both size and frequency of lesions associated with the disease. Clinical trials are now forging ahead to investigate the effects of antimicrobials as a viable treatment option for endometriosis patients. This revolutionary study is the first of its kind and could see patient disease management progress away from medieval invasive procedures and decades of pain. For more information on Dr Muraoka and his team's work check out his study . Written by Kellie Leonard Related articles: Underreporting of endometriosis / Are PCOS and endometriosis sisters? / Gynaecology Project Gallery

Discussing an upcoming biotech thriller book Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link ‘The Molecule’ by Dr Rick Sax and Dr Marta New Last updated: 02/01/26, 18:11 Published: 08/01/26, 08:00 Discussing an upcoming biotech thriller book Science, to some extent, is very black and white. You carry out experiments; you analyse the data, and you could use numerous techniques to get results. Although there is a range of techniques you could use to analyse and interpret the data, if it has been carried out correctly, the results should be reproducible. 1 + 1 will always equal 2, a eukaryote will always have a nucleus, and pure water will always have a boiling point of 100ºC. Once again, science is entirely black and white. But after an hour of conversation on a cold London afternoon, this writer can conclude that the life of a scientist does not have to be as black and white as their research. This is confirmed by looking at the fascinating lives of Dr Marta New and Dr Rick Sax. Dr Marta New Dr. Marta New's career spans the intersection of science and business, beginning with her PhD in Microbiology and Immunology from the University of Illinois Chicago. Demonstrating her versatility, she pursued an MBA at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management just two years later. Recognizing her passion extended beyond academia, Dr. New ventured into the business world, where she has held various influential roles. Her career includes positions as a venture capitalist at ARCH Venture Partners, board observer for numerous biotech companies, and strategic advisor to pharmaceutical firms. Dr. New's expertise lies in translating scientific breakthroughs into viable business opportunities, particularly in the areas of drug discovery and development. Currently, she is the founder and CEO of Radyus Research, a company focused on accelerating drug discovery through innovative AI-powered platforms. In this role, Dr. New continues to drive innovation and strategic growth in the biotech and pharmaceutical sectors, leveraging her unique blend of scientific knowledge and business acumen. Dr Rick Sax Dr. Rick Sax is a distinguished figure in the pharmaceutical industry with over 30 years of experience in senior leadership positions. His career spans across major pharmaceutical companies, including Merck & Co. and AstraZeneca, where he held executive roles in clinical development. At Merck, Dr. Sax led cardiovascular drug development and served on key business strategy teams. At AstraZeneca, he took on various leadership positions, including Vice President for U.S. Clinical Research and roles in global Medical Sciences. Dr. Sax later joined Quintiles (IQVIA) as Senior Vice President for Integrated Clinical Services, where he played a crucial role in developing innovative approaches to clinical program design and drug development strategies. His expertise encompasses drug research and development, clinical program design, translational medicine, and the application of information technology in clinical research. Currently, Dr. Sax serves as an advisor to biotechnology startups and consulting firms, leveraging his extensive experience to improve pharmaceutical R&D efficiency and productivity. Through their amazing expertise they have joined hands to write a biotech thriller called the ‘The Molecule’. What is the inspiration behind the novel The Molecule ? Science thrives on curiosity, discovery, and the pursuit of knowledge, often driven by a passion to understand the unknown. On the other hand, business is fueled by profit, efficiency, and the drive to deliver tangible results in the shortest possible time. The challenges can be immense in the biotech industry, where these two worlds must collide. Transforming a scientific breakthrough into a marketable product requires more than just innovation; it demands strategic thinking, financial acumen, and a deep understanding of the regulatory environment. The journey from lab bench to market shelf is fraught with obstacles, including securing funding, navigating complex regulations, and managing stakeholders' expectations with very different goals. In their new novel, The Molecule , authors Rick Sax and Marta New delve into the intricate world of drug development, breaking the conventional notion that this process is solely the domain of academia. The book explores the multifaceted journey of a startup company navigating the complex path of science, regulation, and industry. When asked about the inspiration behind the book, Rick and Marta emphasised their desire to shed light on the complex interplay between scientific innovation and the financial forces that drive it. They wanted to illustrate that drug development is a scientific endeavour and a battleground where researchers, regulators, and industry professionals often find themselves at odds. While The Molecule is a work of fiction, it brings a deep emotional resonance. The authors were keen to portray the technical challenges of developing a new drug and the human element—the hopes, fears, and sacrifices of those involved. Rick and Marta crafted a narrative that captures the struggles and triumphs, emphasising the complex journey of bringing a new drug to market. The book goes beyond the laboratory, vividly depicting the stages a startup company must navigate to succeed. It paints a realistic picture of the hurdles and setbacks often encountered along the way, making it a compelling read for anyone interested in the intersection of science, business, and human emotion. This biotech thriller also serves as a reminder that the fusion of science and business, though complex, is essential for driving progress and bringing life-changing innovations to the world. What is the drug development process, and what are the challenges? As mentioned, drug development is a long, arduous, and multifaceted journey. A journey that, in reality, is not limited to academia or clinical research. We must remember that drug development translates an idea into a drug in the market, a process that spans more than simple laboratory experiments. The book The Molecule gives us a glimpse of this process. As it turns out, there is a lot more that happens even before clinical trials begin. Unsurprisingly, the process of drug development began before "development". Instead, it starts as drug "discovery". Here, scientists wear their thinking hats to try and understand a disease, hoping to discover new insights or technologies that provide an approach to treatment. As Marta neatly outlined, scientists at this stage are surrounded by numerous questions, such as the drug's mechanism of action, how it works, etc. However, this discovery is not a finished product but rather a technology. Different questions must be asked to translate a fresh-off-the-lab technology into a marketable drug. Namely, "Is it safe and is it efficacious?" Next, the drug development journey will continue into the preclinical stage. Those who work in preclinical drug development may be familiar with the abundance of cell cultures and animal models used in this stage. Indeed, the preclinical stage often follows either or both in vitro and in vivo testing. Marta also highlighted another key factor, reproducibility. Crucially, a reproducible study refers to a repeated study done under different conditions or parameters and by other researchers where the results or analyses are the same or in agreement. Any study can be vulnerable to biases. Therefore, a reproducible study ensures fair, correct, and trustworthy results that allow scientists the confidence that the drug is safe before it enters clinical trials. Furthermore, testing the potential drug with a "standard of care" is equally essential. This means testing the candidate against an existing drug for the same disease. The process seeks to observe efficacy, whether the experimental drug is more efficacious than an already marketed drug. In other words, if the drug is working. As you can see, much work must be done before drug development reaches human testing. Preclinical studies may vary in size, but they are crucial in defining how safe the drug is before it is tested on people. Therefore, Rick and Marta emphasise that the preclinical stage must follow good practice and the correct guidelines, collecting data to paint a detailed pict ure before being given to the regulatory bodies. Upon the success of preclinical research and the approval of human testing by the regulatory bodies, a process that can take up to 5 years, we finally arrive at clinical trials. In short, clinical trials will further test the candidate drug on human subjects for safety and efficacy, dosage, side effects, and adverse reactions. As the trial progresses, the group size of each phase also increases, and as the number of human subjects increases, so does the cost. Rick and Marta explained that labs or smaller companies will usually carry out the preclinical research, but will search for larger pharmaceutical companies as partners to continue clinical trials. The drug development process is complex and concerns a multidisciplinary team of scientists, corporate partners, and regulatory bodies. However, this process is necessary to create a safe and effective drug that can change lives. Many science and STEM students gravitate only towards science and their respective passionate fields and, unfortunately, tend to find business intimidating. So, what would be your advice for these students to begin learning more about the business side of STEM and building their own start-up? The ideal way to answer this question is to consider it in two different parts: exploring a new passion (the world of business) and the advice to learn more. In many ways, one may always feel the vulnerability of exploring the unknown. Perhaps that is why we live following our passions: there is a certain security in their reliability and certainty for enjoyment and happiness. A safety blanket, so to speak. However, this very blanket could be the culprit that slowly suffocates all possibilities of growth, keeping you safe, secure, and immovable. By reading through their novel, The Molecule , and doing a Google search of these two writers' incredible lives, any reader can surely understand how to grow in pharmacology; there needs to be a specific element of business. Of course, for many, the thought of entering the clutches of the world of business, a world of numbers, negotiations, and a lack of laboratory equipment and sterilisation, might seem daunting. However, it is essential for any reader to understand that if they wish to enter the world of drug development, they will not find this door in academia. Instead, the key to drug development is built when different skill sets, areas of knowledge, and technical expertise come together through the work of a multipurpose team. This delicate and intricate process centres on the team, a team that requires multiple disciplines to work in harmony and in an environment where creativity may flourish. However, how can one go from understanding the importance of business in drug development to taking the first steps into this new, terrifying, and exhilarating world? The simple answer to this is explored in The Molecule . To succeed in the unknown, one must find a good mentor. Someone you truly believe in to show you the way. Of course, there should always be some caution in ensuring the right mentor is found. However, this should not hinder any keen reader from trying, as every experience can be an opportunity for growth. Furthermore, there are many positive stories of successful mentorships, as seen through Dr Sax’s personal experience. In the beginning, like many in STEM, he considered pharmacology “the dark side”. At the time, he worked at Cornell University Medical Centre, living the life many could only dream of. He spent his days working as a triple blend between a physician, a researcher, and a teacher – his passions. When first approached by a mentor on the possibility of pharmacology, a scene was conjured. A scene that showed the fiery pits of hell with the personification of pharmacology itself as a fearful villain pushing one into damnation. However, the support and encouragement from this mentor were the tiny pushes that convinced him to try, leading him to where he is today. There are many ways to find these mentors. Through academia, students can take advantage of programs such as hosting entrepreneurial activities, wet labs, organised panels, and events, such as “speak to a member of the industry”. Even exploring master programs in drug development could be a step forward in matching a student with potential mentors. Moreover, outside of the academic halls, there are many opportunities to form connections. By browsing LinkedIn groups, forums, and Reddit posts, you can find your people and see their steps. Following Dr. New’s humbling words, “It is important for students to remember they are not the first in the history of civilisation to think of entrepreneurship, and it is online where they can find signatures of the work others have done". "Your people" will be the ones that share your confusion, fear, perhaps lack of expertise, love for adrenaline, and a good challenge. Once you find them, everything will start flowing. Furthermore, consider how the real world works: if you want something, you need to go get it, be it with cold reach outs into the unknown and follow-up emails. On average, it takes 6 follow-up emails until someone replies to you. Hence, whatever you are doing, selling, or asking, do it 6 times before you give up. What vision do you see for the future of the biotechnology industry? When posed this question, both Fredrick and Marta conveyed that the future of biotechnology is heavily unpredictable, primarily due to the variability in the success of biotech startups. Moreover, one significant factor influencing this unpredictability is the funding which these firms receive. However, the changes in focus to new trends in biotechnology show great promise for how this large industry may grow and develop. For instance, a new trend is the considerable focus on rare diseases and targeted therapies for specific mutations such as the ALMK-14 mutation in lung cancer. There is also a significant focus on looking at disease subcategories and honing in on the specific type of disease. For example, instead of broadly targeting lung cancer, there is a trend towards addressing specific forms such as small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. This precise approach aims to focus on specific characteristics of each disease’s subtype, for example, some forms of lung cancer may be more aggressive than others. Moreover, both Marta and Richard both highlighted the intertwining of biotechnology with other fields, specifically artificial intelligence (AI). An interesting example of this is utilising AI to develop targeted therapies for molecular markers of disease which may have been identified by lab techniques such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Finally, the industry encompasses a wide range of professions from smaller pharmaceutical companies to larger pharmaceutical firms each with different focuses. Due to these varied focuses, the industry will likely develop and progress in diverse ways, reflecting the various aims of these firms. This diversity further reinforces the unpredictability of the industry’s future but also makes it an interesting field to watch. A massive thank you to Nick Johnstone for giving Scientia News this opportunity; it means a lot. We have learnt so many new things and it has been very inspiring talking to Rick and Marta. For more information, visit the following hyperlinks: Dr Rick Sax ( research ) Dr Marta New Nick Johnstone ( author ) Written by Inês Couto André, Jeevana Thavarajah, Stephanus Steven & Harene Elayathamby Related book reviews: Intern Blue , The Emperor of All Maladies Project Gallery

A chemical perspective Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link The environmental impact of EVs 16/01/25, 11:21 Last updated: Published: 07/08/23, 16:58 A chemical perspective Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining momentum worldwide as a greener alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The environmental benefits of EVs extend beyond their efficient use of electricity. In this article, we explore the chemical aspects of EVs and their environmental impact, shedding light on their potential to mitigate climate change and reduce pollution. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction: EVs play a crucial role in addressing climate change by significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Unlike ICEVs that rely on fossil fuels, EVs generate zero tailpipe emissions. By utilising electricity as their energy source, EVs minimise the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHGs responsible for global warming. However, it's essential to consider the environmental implications of electricity generation, emphasising the need for renewable energy sources to maximise the positive impact of EVs. Battery Chemistry and Resource Management: The heart of an EV lies in its rechargeable battery, typically composed of lithium-ion technology. The production and disposal of these batteries present both opportunities and challenges. Raw materials, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, are essential components of EV batteries. Responsible mining practices and efficient recycling techniques are vital to minimising the environmental impact of resource extraction and ensuring proper disposal or repurposing of used batteries. Electrochemical Reactions and Energy Storage: Electric vehicles rely on electrochemical reactions within their batteries to store and release energy. These reactions involve the flow of ions, typically lithium ions, between the positive and negative electrodes. Understanding the chemistry behind these processes enables the development of more efficient and durable battery systems. Continued research and innovation in battery chemistry hold the potential to enhance energy storage capabilities, extend EV range, and improve overall performance. Air Quality and Emission Reduction: EVs contribute to improved air quality due to their zero tailpipe emissions. By eliminating the release of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), EVs reduce smog formation and respiratory health risks. This is particularly significant in urban areas, where high concentrations of vehicular emissions contribute to air pollution. The adoption of EVs can help combat these issues and create cleaner and healthier environments. Battery Recycling and the Circular Economy: Given the increasing demand for EVs, battery recycling plays a vital role in ensuring a sustainable future. Recycling allows for the recovery of valuable materials and reduces the need for resource extraction. Effective recycling processes can mitigate the environmental impact of battery production, minimise waste generation, and promote a circular economy approach, where materials are reused and recycled to their fullest extent. Future Prospects and Chemical Innovations : Advancements in battery technology and chemical engineering are key to unlocking the full potential of EVs. Research efforts are focused on developing alternative battery chemistries, such as solid-state batteries, which offer improved energy density, safety, and recyclability. Additionally, exploring sustainable materials and manufacturing processes for batteries can further reduce the environmental footprint of EVs. In conclusion, electric vehicles represent a promising solution to combat climate change, reduce pollution, and promote sustainable transportation. From the chemistry behind battery systems to their impact on air quality and resource management, EVs offer a greener alternative to traditional vehicles. Continued research, innovation, and collaboration between the automotive industry, chemical scientists, and policymakers are essential for realising the full potential of EVs and creating a cleaner, more sustainable future. Written by Navnidhi Sharma Related articles: Hydrogen cars / The brain-climate connection / Plastics and their environmental impact Project Gallery

How music can manipulate our emotional processes Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link The cognitive orchestra Last updated: 17/06/25, 12:21 Published: 26/06/25, 08:00 How music can manipulate our emotional processes Introduction Music has considerably always been a universal way of communicating. Every day, we are introduced to new genres and concepts despite the differences in language or musical techniques. As a result, psychology has increasingly researched music and its effects on human cognition. Music as a means of therapy The common way most people use music is to regulate their emotions. When we are feeling down, we are more than likely to choose a melancholic playlist over an upbeat one. It has been found that music aids in uplifting mood and reducing anxiety. Juslin and Sloboda (2010) demonstrated that people often choose to listen to music that links to how they are feeling in the moment or even how they desire to feel. With music being deemed a powerful emotional mechanism, music therapy has seen its benefits as a tool for regulating emotions. Thoma et al. (2013) support the idea of music being used for treating conditions like depression and PTSD, with their findings indicating that music listening impacts the psychobiological stress system. Listening to music prior to a stressful event predominantly affected the autonomic nervous system by recovering the nerves much faster, although the effects on the physiological stress and the endocrine (stress hormones) were not as noticeable. However, just as all forms of therapy are not generalisable to everyone, music therapy is not always an appropriate solution. The over-reliance on music to regulate feelings can lead to emotional avoidance and not addressing the initial cause of low mood. This leaves no room for solving the issues at hand. In the context of neurological rehabilitation, it was suggested that further controlled studies are needed to establish the efficacy of music in neurological recovery, and music-based interventions are emerging as promising rehabilitation strategies. Mental clarity or spiritual melodies? The benefits music can hold for our cognitive abilities are endless. Musical training in childhood, studied by Forgeard et al. (2008), is positively correlated with enhanced fine motor skills and non-verbal reasoning. Children were predicted to have much better cognitive flexibility and strengthened memory, outperforming the experimental control group. Another advantage music holds for cognitive abilities is making tasks easier to work with. Lesiuk (2005) conducted a study into the influence of music on mood and work performance. He introduced a ‘no music’ rule for workers in a software company, where they were prohibited from listening to music whilst working. The results demonstrated a predictable decrease in quality of work once music was abandoned, which workers were not habitually familiar with. Performance in quality of work remained poor in week 4, but managed to improve again when music was involved again during week 5. Although, it is important to note that music as a means of concentrating is not always beneficial. Lyrical songs can potentially act as a distractor when completing tasks that require verbal or visual memory, hindering our cognitive ability. Zulkurnaini et al. (2012) studied Lesiuk (2005) hypothesis, exposing participants to classical music and a verse from the Quran. By observing EEG signals, they found that listening to the Quran resulted in a more relaxed state compared to classical music. They also found that listening to the Quran increased the alpha band in the brain, which is associated with relaxation. Conclusion It is clear music is more than just a background track while completing daily errands. The influence it has on emotional well-being, memory and mood is vital to acknowledge. With evidence of positive correlations between cognitive productivity and listening to music, and neurological research of in-depth brain studies, the effects of music are much more prevalent to us. Future research should aim to look into the long-term effects on cognitive functioning, more specifically within clinical settings like neurorehabilitation. Written by Tania Khan Related article: Chemistry of emotions REFERENCES Schäfer, T., Sedlmeier, P., Städtler, C., & Huron, D. (2013). The psychological functions of music listening. Frontiers in Psychology, 4 , 511. Juslin, P. N., & Sloboda, J. A. (2010). Music and emotion. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of Music and Emotion: Theory, Research, Applications (pp. 3-20). Oxford University Press. Thoma, M. V., La Marca, R., Brönnimann, R., Finkel, L., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M. (2013). The effect of music on the human stress response. PLOS ONE, 8 (8), e70156. Krause, A. E., North, A. C., & Heritage, B. (2023). The role of music listening in reducing stress and anxiety: A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 18 (1), e0281337 Lesiuk, T. (2005). The effect of music listening on work performance. Psychology of Music, 33 (2), 173-191. Lesiuk, T. (2012). The effect of music listening on work performance. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 55 (4), 282-290. Lesiuk, T. (2005). The effect of music listening on work performance. PLOS ONE, 8 (8), e70156. Miller, A. H., Haroon, E., Raison, C. L., & Felger, J. C. (2017). Cytokine targets in the brain: Impact on neurotransmitters and neurocircuits. The Lancet Neurology, 16 (11), 1013-1025. Project Gallery

Transforming agriculture with computer science Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Digital innovation in rural farming 09/07/25, 15:04 Last updated: Published: 21/07/23, 10:58 Transforming agriculture with computer science With their rich agricultural heritage and significant contribution to the national economy, rural farming communities have always been at the forefront of agricultural innovation. Today, as the world undergoes rapid digital transformation, the integration of computer science has emerged as a game-changer in the agricultural sector. By harnessing the power of emerging technologies and data-driven approaches, farmers can enhance productivity, optimize resource allocation, and foster sustainable farming practices. This article delves into the role of computer science in revolutionising agriculture and farming practices in rural areas. From precision agriculture and data analytics to the utilisation of IoT, drones, and decision support tools, we explore how technology-driven solutions are shaping a new era of agriculture, promising increased efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and improved livelihoods for farmers. A recent report revealed that farmers in various regions, specifically rural and eastern regions such as Punjab, India have faced significant challenges, including crop failures, leading to distress and financial difficulties. It is important to address these issues and prevent the associated consequences. Digitalisation within the farming industry can play a vital role in mitigating these challenges and fostering resilience. So how exactly can rural farming benefit from digitalisation? Precision agriculture and data analytics: the implementation of precision agriculture techniques, supported by data analytics, can enable farmers to optimise resource utilisation, improve crop management, and mitigate agricultural risks. By analysing data related to weather patterns, soil conditions, and crop health, farmers can make informed decisions, enhance productivity, and reduce the incidence of crop failures. Market intelligence and price forecasting: computer science tools can facilitate better market intelligence and price forecasting, empowering farmers to make informed decisions about crop selection, timing of harvest, and market strategies. Access to real-time market data, coupled with predictive analytics, can help farmers negotiate fair prices and reduce financial vulnerability caused by market instability. Remote sensing and drone technology: utilising remote sensing and drone technology can enable efficient crop monitoring, early detection of diseases, and targeted interventions. High-resolution imagery and computer vision algorithms can identify crop stress, nutrient deficiencies, or pest outbreaks, allowing farmers to take timely action, reduce crop losses, and enhance yield. Decision support systems: the introduction of decision support systems can provide customised recommendations to farmers, incorporating data from multiple sources such as weather forecasts, market trends, and agronomic best practices. These systems can assist farmers in making well-informed decisions regarding crop selection, input usage, and resource allocation, ultimately improving their profitability, and reducing financial distress. The integration of computer science offers promising avenues for addressing the complex challenges faced by farmers in rural areas. By harnessing the power of data analytics, IoT, drones, and decision support tools, farmers can benefit from enhanced agricultural practices, improved market access, and financial stability. However, it is crucial to ensure the accessibility and affordability of these technologies, coupled with comprehensive support systems and policy reforms, to truly empower farmers and create sustainable change. Written by Jaspreet Mann Related articles: Revolutionising sustainable agriculture through AI / Plant diseases and nanoparticles Project Gallery

Key facts Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Apocrine carcinoma: a rare form of breast cancer 22/04/25, 15:13 Last updated: Published: 05/09/24, 11:20 Key facts This is article no. 7 in a series on Rare Diseases. Next article: Pseudo-Angelman Syndrome . Previous article: Neuromyelitis optica . Apocrine carcinoma (AC) is a rare form of breast cancer, accounting for approximately 1-4% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. It affects a wide range of patients from 19 to 92 years of age, with the reported mean age varying from 53 to 62 years. AC of the skin - primary cutaneous apocrine carcinoma - is the only other known cancer that arises from apocrine cells. This is a very rare cancer with limited research. AC is commonly classified into two subtypes: triple-negative AC (TNAC) and HER2+ AC. Another receptor not included in the ‘triple negative’ name is the androgen receptor (AR). A ‘pure’ apocrine carcinoma is ER-negative, PR-negative, but AR-positive. Among triple negative ACs, ones that are AR-positive have a better prognosis. AC is often associated with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), meaning that it does not express oestrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), and produces very little to no HER2– all of which play key roles in the reproductive system. AC arises from apocrine metaplastic cells that are commonly located in the lobules of the breast. This disease can be aggressive and can metastasise to the lymph nodes and distant organs (eg. lungs, liver, and bone). What makes AC different is the appearance of cells which have abundant granular eosinophilic or cytoplasm with fine empty vacuoles. Despite its rarity, focal apocrine differentiation is relatively common (reported in approximately 60% of not otherwise specified [NOS] invasive ductal carcinoma) and shows clinical presentation and radiographic findings similar to that of invasive ductal carcinoma NOS. TNBCs are generally aggressive and present a poor prognosis. However, studies show apocrine breast cancer to have a better prognosis and low proliferative nature, despite its poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment of AC may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy. The problem with TNACs is that therapies targeting the hormone receptors are ineffective. Conversely, targeted therapy is seen to work relatively well with HER2-positive ACs despite them being more aggressive than TNACs. ACs can be diagnosed through a series of tests—usually a mammogram, ultrasound, biopsy, and finally immunohistochemistry. The latter makes it possible to know the status of the ERs and PRs. As with most breast cancers the earlier the detection and treatment implementation, the better the prognosis for the patient. ACs can be hard to diagnose due to its rarity and non-specific presentation. AC has a low proliferative nature, which is shown in its low Ki-67 index. Ki-67 has a higher presentation in cells that have a high division rate. Slower division rates result in slower growth rates of the tumour, and may imply that there is a better prognosis. This could be one of the reasons why apocrine triple-negative breast cancers have a better prognosis than other types of TNBCs. There is promise in the future for AC, however this is not without its challenges. Due to its rarity there are limited patients to participate in clinical trials which are essential in new treatment development. Written by Henrietta Owen & Sherine A Latheef Related article: Epitheliod hemangioendothelioma REFERENCES Apple, S.K., Bassett, L.W. and Poon, C.M. (2011) ‘Invasive ductal carcinomas’, Breast Imaging, pp. 423–482. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5199-2.00022-9. Bcrf (2024) Types of breast cancer: BCRF, Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Available at: https://www.bcrf.org/blog/types-of-breast-cancer/ (Accessed: 05 June 2024). Hu, T. et al. (2022) ‘Triple-negative apocrine breast carcinoma has better prognosis despite poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy’, Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), p. 1607. doi:10.3390/jcm11061607. Suzuki, C., Yamada, A., Kawashima, K., Sasamoto, M., Fujiwara, Y., Adachi, S., Oshi, M., Wada, T., Yamamoto, S., Shimada, K., Ota, I., Narui, K., Sugae, S., Shimizu, D., Tanabe, M., Chishima, T., Ichikawa, Y., Ishikawa, T., & Endo, I. (2023). Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Triple-Negative Apocrine Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study. World Journal of Oncology, 14(6), 551-557. Vranic, S., Feldman, R. and Gatalica, Z. (2017) ‘Apocrine carcinoma of the breast: A brief update on the molecular features and targetable biomarkers’, Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 17(1), pp. 9–11. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2016.1811 Xiao, X., Jin, S., Zhangyang, G., Xiao, S., Na, F. and Yue, J. (2022). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes status, programmed death-ligand 1 expression, and clinicopathological features of 41 cases of pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast: a retrospective study based on clinical pathological analysis and different immune statuses. Gland Surgery, 11(6), pp.1037–1046. doi:https://doi.org/10.21037/gs-22-248. Project Gallery

Exploring the distinctive features that define and disrupt the brain Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link A deep dive into the hallmarks defining Alzheimer’s disease 08/07/25, 15:39 Last updated: Published: 06/11/24, 12:02 Exploring the distinctive features that define and disrupt the brain The progressive decline in neurocognition, resulting in a detrimental effect on one’s activities of daily living, is referred to as dementia. It typically affects people over the age of 65. Multiple theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including the buildup of amyloid plaques in the brain and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in cells. Understanding the pathophysiology of AD is imperative to the development of therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this article will outline the major hallmarks and mechanisms of AD. Hallmark 1: amyloid plaques One of the most widely accepted hypotheses for AD is the accumulation of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) in the brain. Aβ is a 4.2 kDa peptide consisting of approximately 40–42 amino acids, originating from a precursor molecule called amyloid precursor protein. This process, defined as amyloidosis, is strongly linked to brain aging and neurocognitive decline. How do the amyloid plaques form? See Figure 1 . Reasons for the accumulation of amyloid plaques: Decreased autophagy: Amyloid proteins are abnormally folded proteins. Autophagy in the brain is primarily carried out by neuronal and glial cells, involving key structures known as autophagosomes and lysosomes. When autophagy becomes downregulated, the metabolism of Aβ is impaired, eventually resulting in plaque buildup. Overproduction of acetylcholinesterase (AChE): Acetylcholine (Ach) is the primary neurotransmitter involved in memory, awareness, and learning. Overproduction of ACHE by astrocytes into the synaptic cleft can lead to excessive breakdown of Ach, with detrimental effects on cognition. Reduced brain perfusion: Blood flow delivers necessary nutrients and oxygen for cellular function. Reduced perfusion can lead to “intracerebral starvation”, depriving cells of the energy needed to clear Aβ. Reduced expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptors are abundant in the central nervous system under normal conditions. They are involved in speeding up the metabolic pathway of Aβ by binding to its precursor and transporting them from the central nervous system into the blood, thereby reducing buildup. Reduced LRP1 expression can hinder this process, leading to amyloid buildup. Increased expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE): RAGE is expressed on the endothelial cells of the BBB, and its interaction with Aβ facilitates the entry of Aβ into the brain. Hallmark 2: neurofibrillary tangles See Figure 2 Neurofibrillary tangles are excessive accumulations of tau protein. Microtubules typically support neurons by guiding nutrients from the soma (cell body) to the axons. Furthermore, tau proteins stabilise these microtubules. In AD, signalling pathways involving phosphorylation and dephosphorylation cause tau proteins to detach from microtubules and stick to each other, eventually forming tangles. This results in a disruption in synaptic communication of action potentials. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies suggest an interaction between Aβ and tau, where Aβ can cause tau to misfold and aggregate, forming neurofibrillary tangles inside brain cells. Both Aβ and tau can self-propagate, spreading their toxic effects throughout the brain. This creates a vicious cycle, where Aβ promotes tau toxicity, and toxic tau can further exacerbate the harmful effects of Aβ, ultimately causing significant damage to synapses and neurons in AD. Hallmark 3: neuroinflammation Microglia are the primary phagocytes in the central nervous system. They can be activated by dead cells and protein plaques, where they initiate the innate immune response. This involves the release of chemokines to attract other white blood cells and the activation of the complement system which is a group of proteins involved in initiating inflammatory pathways to fight pathogens. In AD, microglia bind to Aβ via various receptors. Due to the substantial accumulation of Aβ, microglia are chronically activated, leading to sustained immune responses and neuroinflammation. Conclusion The contributions of amyloid beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and chronic neuroinflammation provide a framework for understanding the pathophysiology of AD. AD is a highly complex condition with unclear mechanisms. This calls for the need of continued research in the area as it is crucial for the development of effective treatments. Written by Blessing Amo-Konadu Related articles: Alzheimer's disease (an overview) / CRISPR-Cas9 to potentially treat AD / Sleep and memory loss REFERENCES 2024 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. (2024). Alzheimer’s & dementia, 20(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13809. A, C., Travers, P., Walport, M. and Shlomchik, M.J. (2001). The complement system and innate immunity. [online] Nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27100/ . Bloom, G.S. (2014). Amyloid-β and tau: the Trigger and Bullet in Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis. JAMA neurology, [online] 71(4), pp.505–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847. Braithwaite, S.P., Stock, J.B., Lombroso, P.J. and Nairn, A.C. (2012). Protein Phosphatases and Alzheimer’s Disease. Progress in molecular biology and translational science, [online] 106, pp.343–379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396456-4.00012-2. Heneka, M.T., Carson, M.J., El Khoury, J., Landreth, G.E., Brosseron, F., Feinstein, D.L., Jacobs, A.H., Wyss-Coray, T., Vitorica, J., Ransohoff, R.M., Herrup, K., Frautschy, S.A., Finsen, B., Brown, G.C., Verkhratsky, A., Yamanaka, K., Koistinaho, J., Latz, E., Halle, A. and Petzold, G.C. (2015). Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet. Neurology, 14(4), pp.388–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)70016-5. Kempf, S. and Metaxas, A. (2016). Neurofibrillary Tangles in Alzheimer′s disease: Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanism by Immunohistochemistry and Tau Protein phospho- proteomics. Neural Regeneration Research, 11(10), p.1579. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.193234. Kumar, A., Tsao, J.W., Sidhu, J. and Goyal, A. (2022). Alzheimer disease. [online] National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499922/. Ma, C., Hong, F. and Yang, S. (2022). Amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathogeny, Etiology, and Related Therapeutic Directions. Molecules, 27(4), p.1210. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041210. National Institute on Aging (2024). What Happens to the Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease? [online] National Institute on Aging. Available at: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-causes-and-risk-factors/what-happens-brain- alzheimers-disease. Stavoe, A.K.H. and Holzbaur, E.L.F. (2019). Autophagy in Neurons. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 35(1), pp.477–500. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125242 . Project Gallery