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They are on the IUCN red list as 'vulnerable' Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Conservation of marine iguanas 09/07/25, 13:34 Last updated: Published: 06/01/24, 10:40 They are on the IUCN red list as 'vulnerable' The marine iguana ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ), also known as the sea iguana, is a unique species. It is the world’s only ocean- going lizard. Their main food source is algae; large males can dive to forage for this source, while females feed during low tide. They can be found on rocky shorelines, but also on marshes, mangrove swamps and beaches of the Galapagos. Their range is limited to the Galapagos islands, so they are an isolated species. Currently, they are on the IUCN red list as ‘vulnerable’ with a current population estimated at 200,000, and conservation efforts are needed to stabilise populations. Key threats There are three key threats to iguana populations. The first is invasive species; animals such as pigs, dogs and cats feed on young hatchlings and iguana eggs, which reduces the long-term survival rate of the species. Marine iguanas have not yet developed defence strategies against these predators. Even humans introduce pathogens to the islands that pose a threat to the species, because of their isolated habitat, the marine iguana lacks immunity to many pathogens and so has a higher risk of contracting diseases. Climate change is another key threat. El Niño is a weather event that prevents cold, nutrient-rich waters, that the marine wildlife depends on, from reaching the Eastern Tropical Pacific. This depletes algae populations, and this food drop drastically reduces iguana populations ( Figure 1 ). With global warming, El Niño events are expected to be more prominent and more frequent. In addition, pollution from humans like oil spills and microplastics are damaging their habitat. Current and future conservation methods Under the laws of Ecuador, marine iguanas are completely protected. Their land range is in the Galapagos National Park, and their sea range is within the Galapagos Marine Reserve. They are also listed on the CITES, which ensures monitoring the trade of endangered animals to inhibit damage to their numbers. Sanctuaries are also in place to mitigate against extinction, but their specialised diet is challenging. So, what does the future hold for marine iguanas? The biggest challenge is the distribution of the species. The population is scattered across the different islands of the Galapagos as such, there are at least 11 subspecies. This brings more complications to marine iguana conservation. As these subspecies specialise, it becomes less likely they will breed, thus more difficult to maintain the species population. Introducing education and awareness programmes will better equip us to the dangers faced by marine iguanas and could be a tourism idea for the Galapagos. This species is one of a kind, which is why it is so important for them to be protected.There should be a monitoring scheme, as suggested by MacLeod and Steinfartz, 2016 ( Figure 2 ), but the location of these subspecies makes it difficult to monitor them. However, there was a recent study using drone-based methods which showed promising results ( Figure 3 ). The overarching question remains: do we continue to conserve the current population in the Galapagos, or should we relocate the species to a less endangered habitat. Written by Antonio Rodrigues Related articles: Conservation of Galapagos Tortoises / 55 years of vicuna conservation Project Gallery

You can have endometriosis and PCOS at the same time Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Are PCOS and endometriosis sisters? 09/07/25, 10:52 Last updated: Published: 30/01/24, 21:33 You can have endometriosis and PCOS at the same time The label of PCOS or endometriosis can have physical and emotional consequences for women. It is important for both male and females to gain a better understanding of such conditions, the symptoms and the challenges they pose. Such knowledge can act as physical and emotional support in times of need. It creates a safe space where the person with PCOS is comfortable discussing their experiences, feelings and concerns knowing they are being heard and supported by the right people. With research fast developing there is a plethora of information out there, so WHAT do you believe in and WHAT do you ignore and WHOM do you believe and WHOM do you ignore? Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) both affect females and can have similar symptoms. However, the causes and some key symptoms are different. Endometriosis is a painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus grows outside the uterus. (Read more on Endometriosis breakthrough ). PCOS is an endocrine system disorder where small fluid-filled sacs develop in the ovaries. You can have endometriosis and PCOS at the same time. A 2015 study found that women with PCOS had a higher risk for a diagnosis of endometriosis. Another 2014 study determined that there is a strong link between endometriosis and PCOS with pelvic pain and trouble getting pregnant. What is a normal menstrual cycle? Let’s polish up the basics! The brain, ovaries and uterus work together to prepare the body per month for pregnancy. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH) are made by the pituitary gland and progesterone and oestrogen are made in the ovaries. Many females with PCOS do not ovulate regularly and it may take these females longer to become pregnant. Irregular periods results in months where ovulation does not occur. Where the ovaries do not produce progesterone the lining of the uterus becomes thicker but shedding is very irregular which can lead to heavy and prolonged bleeding. PCOS affects 1 in 10 women in the UK. Women with PCOS experience irregular menstrual cycles, acne, excess hair growth, infertility, pregnancy complications and cardiovascular disease. PCOS can be associated with weight gain and obesity in approximately one-half of females. Females with PCOS can also be at increased risk of other problems that can impact quality of life. These include depression and anxiety, sexual dysfunction and eating disorders. Although PCOS is not ‘completely’ reversible there are many ways you can minimise the symptoms. Most females can lead a normal life and are able to conceive without significant complications. A pelvic examination is requested by your GP to assess the ovaries for a diagnosis to be made. Imaging tests for examining the ovaries are pelvic and intravaginal ultrasonography, however, the latter may be extremely uncomfortable if sexually inactive. Please be aware this article acts to capture your attention, encouraging you to delve further into the subject and continue your self-education on this topic and by no means is everything about PCOS. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect you may have symptoms of either PCOS or endometriosis. Proper diagnosis and management can help address specific concerns and improve overall reproductive health. Written by Khushleen Kaur Related articles: Endometriosis breakthrough / Underreporting in endometriosis / Gynaecology REFERENCES R. Hart and D. A. Doherty, Fertility Specialists of Western Australia (R.H.), Bethesda Hospital, 6008. K. J. Holoch, R. F. Savaris, D. A. Forstein, P. B. Miller, H. Lee Higdon, C. E. Likes and B. A. Lessey, https://doi.org/10.5301/je.5000181 , 2014, 6, 79–83. R. J. Norman, D. Dewailly, R. S. Legro and T. E. Hickey, The Lancet, 2007, 370, 685–697. Project Gallery

Protective bodies regulate animal use in research worldwide Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Animal ethics: the good, the bad, and the ugly? 23/10/25, 10:20 Last updated: Published: 09/06/24, 11:07 Protective bodies regulate animal use in research worldwide Many research trials involve using animals, specifically those labelled as ‘model organisms’. This refers to species of animals that are desirable for scientific research as they are usually cost-effective, easily manipulated, and well understood in terms of their genetic background. Good knowledge of their genetic background allows for these experiments to be applied with the intention of human benefit. Protective bodies regulate animal use in research worldwide, albeit with various degrees of severity. One of the strictest regions when it comes to animal legislation is the United Kingdom. The Animal Scientific Procedures Act 1986 protects the use of animals in the UK; they, do this by only licensing trusted individuals and experiments that follow the principle of the ‘3Rs’. This principle aims to; r educe the number of animals used r efine procedures to reduce pain r eplace experiments on animals with artificial systems such as cell cultures. Research by Byron Blagburn and coworkers had some controversy as they tested four commercially available heartworm preventatives in dogs, as they first had to infect them. This parasitic worm that was infected in the dogs is extremely severe and life-threatening. The point of the experiment was to see which was the most effective treatment, and they did find that the combination of imidacloprid and moxidectin was 100% effective at eradicating the infection. Despite this research being approved by the Auburn University, Alabama USA Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, many ethical principles were breached. As the dogs had no choice but to participate in the experiment which completely disregards the autonomy of the dogs. However, Byron and his colleagues would counteract that argument by saying they acted with beneficence as the study’s intention was to find out what was the best treatment for the dogs to improve their health. But for this beneficence to be achieved, non-maleficence was broken as the dogs were given parasitic infections that inflicted pain. Unfortunately, according to the DxE investigators (Direct Action Everywhere), after 5 months the dogs were euthanised. Although the researchers defended the morality of their study by pointing out that all treatments were already in commerce, some have argued that the infection of a previously healthy dog with a parasite is morally wrong. Many religions and groups oppose the use of animals in research as they value animal life as much as human life. Buddhists, for example, believe that animals have moral significance, as the Buddha condemns occupations that involve harming animals and encourages his followers to help animals where they can. While many groups stand against this research, most of our findings and medicine today would not be available without the contribution of animals. According to the American Medical Association: Virtually every advance in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics and vaccines to antidepressant drugs and organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments. Thus, showing how important the use of animals is in terms of medical advancements and improvement of human life. One of the most vocal groups is People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA): PETA is an organisation advocating for animal rights and strongly opposing many of the current research studies. For example, the research of sepsis is undertaken at many universities like Pittsburgh and California involves puncturing of mice intestines while awake and then stitching multiple of these punctured mice together. This then leads to the excruciating death of these animals. Now, this has aided in the knowledge of sepsis and potential treatment. However, the autonomy of the animals is disregarded whilst the researchers act with maleficence. Therefore in 2024 we are at a vital stage with animal experimentation as the intention is for improving health and can be argued to be necessary for the advancing medicine for humans and animals. Nevertheless, religious groups and animal rights groups believe that justice is not being served as the animals are subject to harm without a choice. Despite the advancements of artificial systems such as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) - multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of an entire organ or an organ system, the findings of animal studies are required before trialling within humans. When artificial systems improve and become more available there could be a world where animal studies are limited or non-existent to please animal rights activists and still aid the enhancements of modern-day medicine. Written by Harvey Wilkes Related articles: Regulation and policy of stem cell research / Miniature organs in biomedicine REFERENCES Blagburn, B.L., Arther, R.G., Dillon, A.R., Butler, J.M., Bowles, J.V., von Simson, C. and Zolynas, R., 2016. Efficacy of four commercially available heartworm preventive products against the JYD-34 laboratory strain of Dirofilaria immitis. Parasites & vectors, 9, pp.1-10. Mice stitched together, injected with bacteria-take action! (no date) PETA. Available at: https://support.peta.org/page/6980/action/1?locale=en-US (Accessed: 29 May 2024). Project Gallery

Julius Oppenheimer Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link The chemistry of an atomic bomb 04/07/25, 12:57 Last updated: Published: 23/08/23, 16:29 Julius Oppenheimer Julius Robert Oppenheimer, often credited with leading the development of the atomic bomb, played a significant role in its creation in the early 1940s. However, it is essential to recognise the collaborative effort of many scientists, engineers, and researchers who contributed to the project. The history and chemistry of the atomic bomb are indeed fascinating, shedding light on the scientific advancements that made it possible. The destructive power of an atomic bomb stems from the rapid release of energy resulting from the splitting, or fission, of fissile atomic nuclei in its core. Isotopes such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are selected for their ability to undergo fission readily and sustain a self-sustaining chain reaction, leading to the release of an immense amount of energy. The critical mass of fissionable material required for detonation ensures that the neutrons produced during fission have a high probability of impacting other nuclei and initiating a chain reaction. To facilitate a controlled release of energy, neutron moderation plays a crucial role in the functioning of an atomic bomb. Neutrons emitted during fission have high velocities, making them less likely to be absorbed by other fissile material. However, by employing a moderator material such as heavy water (deuterium oxide) or graphite, these high-speed neutrons can be slowed down. Slowing down the neutrons increases the likelihood of their absorption by fissile material, enhancing the efficiency of the chain reaction and the release of energy. The sheer magnitude of the energy released by atomic bombs is staggering. For example, one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of uranium-235 can undergo complete fission, producing an amount of energy equivalent to that released by 17,000 tons (17 kilotons) of TNT. This tremendous release of energy underscores the immense destructive potential of atomic weapons. It is essential to note that the development of the atomic bomb represents a confluence of scientific knowledge and technological advancements, with nuclear chemistry serving as a foundational principle. The understanding of nuclear fission, the critical mass requirement, and the implosion design were key factors in the creation of the atomic bomb. Exploring the chemistry behind this devastating weapon not only provides insights into the destructive capabilities of atomic energy but also emphasises the responsibility that accompanies its use. In conclusion, while Oppenheimer's contributions to the development of the atomic bomb are significant, it is crucial to acknowledge the collective effort that led to its creation. The chemistry behind atomic bombs, from the selection of fissile isotopes to neutron moderation, plays a pivotal role in harnessing the destructive power of nuclear fission. Understanding the chemistry of atomic weapons highlights the remarkable scientific achievements and reinforces the need for responsible use of atomic energy. Written by Navnidhi Sharma Project Gallery

It's produced by European honeybees Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Medicinal Manuka 10/07/25, 10:21 Last updated: Published: 11/05/24, 10:57 It's produced by European honeybees Manuka honey has received considerable attention recently due to its impressive antimicrobial ability and potential for future clinical use. Manuka honey is produced by European honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) that visit the Manuka tree ( Leptospermum scoparium ) in New Zealand. It is most commonly distributed as monofloral honey (produced by bees that have visited predominantly one plant species—in this case, the Manuka bush); however, it can also be sold as multifloral. The Manuka tree, which the European honeybees visit, has a long history of use for its medicinal properties. The Māori (the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand) valued it for its wide variety of uses, referring to the plant as ‘taonga’ (‘treasure’). The leaves from the tree were used to make infusions that could reduce fevers, and the gum produced from the tree was used to moisturise burns and soothe coughs. In the 18th century, European settlers contacted the Māori and became aware of this tree and its healing properties; they used the leaves as a medicinal tea to treat scurvy. In 1839, an English beekeeper, Mary Bumby, introduced bees to New Zealand, and by 1860, the bee population had grown extensively, and colonies were present throughout forests. The Māori learnt to harvest the honey produced by these bees and promoted the production of Manuka honey. The honey was used by the Māori for the same benefits they used the Manuka tree. In the 1980s, the biochemist Peter Molan launched the first scientific research on the antimicrobial properties of Manuka honey, evaluating its ability to kill microbes. Research has demonstrated that Manuka honey is an effective bactericidal (killer of microbes). Dr Jonathon Cox and his colleagues at Aston University showed that administering Manuka honey can be effective against Mycobacterium abscessus , which is fatal without treatment. Using a model of an artificial lung, Dr Cox found that the addition of Manuka honey reduced the dosage of the highly potent amikacin by 8-fold, which is an extremely significant difference to the quality of life of patients as a common consequence of the 13-month amikacin treatment is permanent hearing loss. Alternative remedies for bacterial infections are required to combat the growing concern of antibiotic resistance. Many molecules of Manuka honey are responsible for their antimicrobial activity, including methylglyoxal (MGO) content. MGO can interfere with the lipid bilayer structure of the bacterial membrane, leading to leakage of its cellular contents and cell death. MGO can also impair the function of enzymes involved in energy production and macromolecule synthesis within bacteria. Additionally, Manuka honey can also produce hydrogen peroxide, which generates highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) within bacterial cells. These ROS, such as hydroxyl radicals, can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and DNA, leading to bacterial cellular death. Altogether, these mechanisms enable Manuka honey to disrupt bacterial growth and proliferation. Manuka honey is currently used as a medical product for professional wound care in European hospitals. The main advantage of Manuka honey is that the mechanisms behind its antibacterial activity are diverse, making it effective against resistant strains of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) . A systematic review written by Jonathon Cox states that certain commercially available varieties of Manuka honey are effective against organisms that have a high degree of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this leads to the promising preliminary conclusion that Manuka honey could be the answer to the investigation of finding an effective antimicrobial, an alternative to antibiotics. Written by Harvey Wilkes Related article: Natural substances as treatment to infection REFERENCES Nolan, V.C., Harrison, J. and Cox, J.A., 2022. In vitro synergy between manuka honey and amikacin against Mycobacterium abscessus complex shows potential for nebulisation therapy. Microbiology, 168(9), p.001237. Nolan, V.C., Harrison, J., Wright, J.E. and Cox, J.A., 2020. Clinical significance of manuka and medical-grade honey for antibiotic-resistant infections: a systematic review. Antibiotics , 9 (11), p.766. Project Gallery

A collaboration with the Mesothelioma Center (Asbestos.com), USA Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Breast Cancer and Asbestos 04/02/25, 15:44 Last updated: Published: 06/06/23, 10:03 A collaboration with the Mesothelioma Center (Asbestos.com), USA Breast cancer is a prevalent disease characterized by abnormal cell growth in the breast. There are various types of breast cancer, including invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, Paget's disease, medullary mucinous carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer. In 2022, approximately 287,850 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed, making it the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Natural risk factors for breast cancer include gender, age, race, early onset of menstruation, family history, and genetics. Environmental factors, such as exposure to radiation, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals, may also contribute to the risk of developing breast cancer. Some studies have suggested a possible connection between asbestos exposure and breast cancer. While the link between asbestos and other health conditions like mesothelioma cancer is well-established, the exact relationship between asbestos and breast cancer remains unclear. Statistical significance refers to the level of confidence in the results of a study or experiment. In the context of studies investigating the correlation between asbestos exposure and breast cancer, Dr. Debra David points out that many studies fail to establish a conclusive link due to a lack of statistical significance. Certain factors can increase the risk of developing breast cancer, known as "partial risk factors." Some of these factors can be controlled by individuals, such as alcohol consumption. However, many other partial risk factors are not within an individual's control without compromising their overall health. For example, receiving radiation therapy to the chest or making decisions regarding childbirth can be deeply personal choices that impact breast cancer risk. Examples of partial risk factors include consuming more than two alcoholic drinks per day, having children after the age of 30, not having children, not breastfeeding, using the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent miscarriage, recent use of birth control pills, receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT), undergoing radiation therapy to the chest area, and exposure to toxic substances or carcinogens. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 5 to 10% of breast cancer cases can be directly attributed to inherited gene mutations. However, many other factors, such as exposure to carcinogens, may be beyond a cancer patient's control. Summary written by the Mesothelioma Center ( Asbestos.com ) For more information, visit their website , and also read important facts breast cancer and mesothelioma survival rate . For further information, particularly the legal consequences, check out the Lanier Law Firm, which has more specific information Project Gallery

An exploration of this genetic concept Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Delving into the world of chimeras 09/07/25, 14:03 Last updated: Published: 03/02/24, 11:13 An exploration of this genetic concept The term chimera has been borrowed from Greek mythology, transcending ancient tales to become a captivating concept within the fields of biology and genetics. In mythology, the chimera was a monstrous hybrid creature. However, in the biological context, a chimera refers to an organism with cells derived from two or more zygotes. While instances of natural chimerism exist within humans, researchers are pushing the boundaries of genetics via the intentional creation of chimeras, consequentially sparking debates and breakthroughs in various fields, spanning from medicine to agriculture. Despite the theory that every cell in the body should share identical genomes, chimeras challenge this notion. For example, the fusion of non-identical twin embryos in the womb is a way chimeras can emerge. While visible cues, such as heterochromia or varied skin tone patches, may provide subtle hints of its existence, often individuals with chimerism show no overt signs, making its prevalence uncertain. In cases where male and female cells coexist, abnormalities in reproductive organs may exist. Furthermore, advancements in genetic engineering and CRISPR genome editing have also allowed the artificial creation of chimeras, which may aid medical research and treatments. In 2021, the first human-monkey chimera embryo was created in China to investigate ways of using animals to grow human organs for transplants. The organs could be genetically matched by taking the recipient’s cells and reprogramming them into stem cells. However, the process of creating a chimera can be challenging and inefficient. This was shown when researchers from the Salk Institute in California tried to grow the first embryos containing cells from humans and pigs. From 2,075 implanted embryos, only 186 developed up to the 28-day time limit for the project. Chimeras are not exclusive to the animal kingdom; plants exhibit this genetic complexity as well. The first non-fictional chimera, the “Bizzaria” discovered by a Florentine gardener in the seventeenth century, arose from the graft junction between sour orange and citron. Initially thought to be an asexual hybrid formed from cellular fusion, later analyses revealed it to be a chimera, a mix of cells from both donors. This pivotal discovery in the early twentieth century marked a turning point, shaping our understanding of chimeras as unique biological phenomena. Chimera is a common form of variegation, with parts of the leaf appearing to be green and other parts white. This is because the white or yellow portions of the leaf lack the green pigment chlorophyll, which can be traced to layers in the meristem (areas found at the root and shoot tip that have active cell division) that are either genetically capable or incapable of making chlorophyll. As we conclude this exploration into the world of chimeras, from the mythological realm to the scientific frontier, it’s evident that these entities continue to mystify and inspire, broadening our understanding of genetics, development, and the interconnectedness of organisms. Whether natural wonders or products of intentional creation, chimeras beckon further exploration, promising a deeper comprehension of the fundamental principles that govern the tapestry of life. Written by Maya El Toukhy Related article: Micro-chimerism and George Floyd's death Project Gallery

PTSD and Tetris Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Can Tetris help treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? 02/11/24, 11:47 Last updated: Published: 06/03/24, 11:47 PTSD and Tetris This is the last part (Part II) in the two-part series on PTSD and intrusive memories, discussing how a common and well-loved visuospatial game, Tetris, can reduce the presence of the core clinical symptom. Previous article: Boom, and you're back! As discussed in an earlier article , psychological trauma resulting from threat to life or serious injury from events such as vehicle accidents or assault, among others, can result in development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The core clinical feature is intrusive memories, where memories of the event involuntarily intrude into a person’s consciousness after being triggered by environmental cues, resulting in extreme emotional distress. Two of the most common and effective treatments for PTSD include trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. These approaches address an individual’s memory of the event alongside their emotional understanding of the experience. Unfortunately, there is a lack of qualified therapists and patients are often wary of delving into the event details. This results in many patients not receiving sufficient treatment. Following an event, the memory must be consolidated into long-term memory for it to be remembered at a later date. Memory consolidation theory states that the memory is flexible several hours following the event, meaning it can be interfered with. Engaging in a visuospatial task during this period may weaken the consolidation of the traumatic memory because the tasks compete with limited cognitive resources. Therefore, completing tasks with high visuospatial demands in the consolidation period may reduce the occurrence of intrusive memories. Many studies have looked into this, using Tetris to disrupt the memory up to six hours post exposure, and have found positive results. One study took this outside of the laboratory, recruiting patients in an emergency department following serious vehicle accidents. The intervention involved two steps, first patients were asked to remember the accident and state the most traumatising experience they observed. Following this they played Tetris for a minimum of 10 minutes, which competed with the visual memories they had just produced. It was found that 62% of those in the Tetris intervention group had a reduction in intrusive memories in the subsequent week, compared to those in the control group. However, it is not always practical to play a video game in the direct aftermath of the event. The memory consolidation theory also states that memories become flexible to change when they are remembered and subsequently must be reconsolidated into long-term memory. Therefore, other studies have investigated using Tetris as an intervention for those already experiencing PTSD. In this case, combining Testis game play with EMDR therapy has been found useful. After completion of therapy, both control and Tetris groups were found to have a reduction in symptoms at 6-months. However, only the Tetris group had reductions in anxiety and depression. Remember in the previous article we spoke about the neuroanatomy of PTSD and how that related to intrusive memories. Research has shown those with PTSD have reductions in hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex volume, with the reduced hippocampal volume correlating to symptom severity. In fact, studies investigating the use of Tetris have shown that playing this during psychological therapy increases the hippocampal volume, and this increase correlates to the reduced symptoms 6-months following treatment. Currently, the interventions for PTSD have limitations surrounding the longevity of symptom improvements. Therefore, combining Tetris playing with psychotherapies may maintain the symptom improvements long term by increasing the hippocampal volume. Not only this, but videogames with high visuospatial demands like Tetris, may provide some utility as preventative interventions, which are currently lacking. Considering patients involved in vehicle accidents wait upto four hours in emergency departments in the UK, there is an opportunity to reach patients within the memory consolidation window. This approach is not only cost-effective and requires straightforward training for implementation but has been found acceptable in clinical populations. Notably, the earlier study found 48% of patients engaged in this approach, surpassing participation rates of 10% in a psychotherapy trial and 8% in a pharmacological trial within the same emergency department. Overall, interfering with memory consolidation using Tetris could provide a good treatment option for intrusive memories in PTSD. So, where are we currently? Research is still being undertaken, with some even investigating the effects of other visuospatial games such as Candy Crush. Written by Alice Jayne Greenan Project Gallery

The novelty of quantum computing Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Understanding Quantum Computing and Its Applications 14/07/25, 15:07 Last updated: Published: 03/06/23, 17:18 The novelty of quantum computing Relative to the inception of modern technology, quantum computing is fairly young. In 1998, Isaac Chuang of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Neil Gershenfeld of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Mark Kubinec of the University of California at Berkeley created the first quantum computer that could be loaded with data and output a solution. This marked a significant breakthrough moment for the world of computing and technology. To understand quantum computing, we must first delve into the basics of a regular computer. At the core, a computer operates based on a binary system of 1s and 0s, akin to an on/off switch. However, quantum computers go beyond this simplicity. Quantum computers utilize quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in a superposition of states, representing both 0 and 1 simultaneously. This property allows quantum computers to perform parallel computations and leverage quantum phenomena like entanglement and interference to solve certain problems more efficiently than classical computers. Superposition, the ability of qubits to exist in multiple states simultaneously, is one of the unique properties of quantum mechanics that enables quantum computers to perform computations differently than classical computers. It offers new possibilities for information processing and solving complex tasks. One notable recent project in the field of quantum computing involved Google's use of a 53-qubit quantum computer named Sycamore. This quantum computer successfully performed a computation that would have taken the most powerful classical supercomputers thousands of years to complete, accomplishing it in just a few minutes. This research project exemplified the immense potential of quantum computers for tackling complex problems in a remarkable manner. As we continue to unlock the mysteries of quantum computing and overcome technical challenges, we stand at the brink of a new era of innovation and discovery. From advancements in drug discovery and optimization to revolutionizing cryptography and financial modelling, the possibilities are immense. While quantum computing is still in its early stages, the progress made so far is incredibly promising, and it is an exciting field that holds the key to tackling some of the world's most pressing challenges. Written by Jaspreet Mann Related article: Quantum chemistry REFERENCES Chuang, I., Gershenfeld, N., & Kubinec, M. (1998). Experimental implementation of fast quantum searching. Physical Review Letters, 80(15), 3408–3411. Nielsen, M. A., & Chuang, I. L. (2010). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition. Cambridge University Press. Arute, F., et al. (2019). Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature, 574(7779), 505–510. Daskin, A., et al. (2021). Quantum Computing: Progress and Prospects. National Academies Press. Project Gallery

Pushing the boundaries of analytical chemistry Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Advances in mass spectrometry technology 08/07/25, 16:22 Last updated: Published: 09/06/24, 10:48 Pushing the boundaries of analytical chemistry In the rapidly evolving field of analytical chemistry, recent technological innovations in mass spectrometry have revolutionised the analysis and characterisation of molecules. These advancements, including high-resolution mass analysers, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and ambient ionisation techniques, are pushing the boundaries of what can be achieved in chemical analysis. Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that provides qualitative and quantitative information on an analyte. It is useful for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of one or more molecules present in a sample. The process consists of: Inlet - Allows the analyte to be connected to the mass spectrometre (MS). Could be direct inlet or gas chromotography (GC) / liquid chromatography (LC) to allow some separation before MS Ion source - Ensures that the analyte is ionised (i.e. carries a net charge) there are various types of ion sources depending on the analyte Analysers - Brings about a change in the velocity/trajectory of an ion from which the ions m/z can be determined i.e. characterises rate/velocity of ion. Multiple analysers are in tandem and different analysers can be combined to allow greater scope for analysis. A detection system is also required to amplify and measure ion signals. Analysers and detectors need to be held under low pressure - near vacuum. Detector - collects charge signals from ion beams. The computer then detects a spectrum. The electronic signals from the ions are then digitised to produce a mass spectrum of the analyte. High-resolution mass analysers One of the most significant breakthroughs in mass spectrometry is the development of high-resolution mass analysers. These instruments can differentiate between ions with extremely close mass-to-charge ratios, providing unprecedented levels of accuracy and specificity in compound identification. High-resolution mass spectrometry enables scientists to resolve complex mixtures and detect trace components with exceptional sensitivity, making it invaluable in fields such as metabolomics, environmental analysis, and drug discovery. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) Ion mobility spectrometry is another cutting-edge technology that enhances the capabilities of mass spectrometry. IMS separates ions based on their size, shape, and charge in the gas phase, providing an additional dimension of separation before mass analysis. This technique improves the resolution of complex samples, particularly for isomeric compounds that are challenging to distinguish using conventional methods. IMS coupled with mass spectrometry is widely applied in metabolomics, proteomics, and lipidomics research, enabling deeper insights into molecular structures and interactions. Ambient ionisation techniques Traditional mass spectrometry methods often require extensive sample preparation and ionisation processes in controlled laboratory environments. Ambient ionisation techniques have transformed this paradigm by enabling direct analysis of samples in their native states, including solids, liquids, and gases, without prior extraction or purification steps. Techniques such as desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) and direct analysis in real-time (DART) have expanded the scope of mass spectrometry applications to fields like clinical diagnostics, food safety, and forensic analysis. Ambient ionisation allows for rapid, on-site measurements with minimal sample handling, revolutionising point-of-care testing and field analysis. In conclusion, the continuous evolution of mass spectrometry technology is reshaping the landscape of analytical chemistry. These innovations not only empower researchers to explore new realms of chemical analysis but also facilitate applications in areas such as precision medicine, environmental monitoring, and materials science. As these technologies continue to advance, the future holds even greater promise for pushing the boundaries of analytical chemistry and unlocking the mysteries of the molecular world. Written by Anam Ahmed Related article: Advancements in semi-conductor manufacturing Project Gallery