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In some cases, the exact cause of vertigo remains unidentified, highlighting the complexity of diagnosis Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Vertigo Last updated: 27/06/25, 14:06 Published: 03/07/25, 07:00 In some cases, the exact cause of vertigo remains unidentified, highlighting the complexity of diagnosis Vertigo is a symptom characterised by the sensation of spinning or movement, affecting either the individual or their surroundings. Unlike dizziness, which involves a floating sensation, or imbalance, which reflects unsteadiness, vertigo conveys a distinct sense of motion. While it is not a condition in itself, vertigo often indicates an underlying issue and can range from mild to debilitating, significantly impairing balance and daily activities. Physiology of vertigo Physiologically, vertigo is primarily linked to the inner ear and the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. The vestibular apparatus consists of semicircular canals and otolith organs, which detect angular and linear movements, respectively. Dysfunction in these structures, or their neural pathways to the brainstem and cerebellum, can disrupt normal sensory input, causing vertigo. Symptoms ( Figure 1 ) may include a spinning sensation, nausea, vomiting, nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), sweating, and difficulty with balance. Triggers vary widely and may include head movements, changes in position, or even psychological stress. The underlying causes can be peripheral, such as inner ear disorders, or central, involving the brain or central nervous system. Causes and prevalence Vertigo is particularly common among middle-aged and older adults, where it presents a considerable risk of falls and associated injuries. This demographic is especially vulnerable due to age-related changes in the vestibular system, such as a decline in vestibular hair cells and neurons, as well as alterations in central pathways. Vestibular disorders are among the most frequent causes of vertigo episodes in the elderly, often contributing to a cycle of psychological distress and physical limitation. Anxiety and depressive syndromes further exacerbate this cycle by increasing fear of attacks and falls, ultimately limiting daily activities and lowering perceived quality of life. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is the most common cause of vertigo and is featured in multiple studies within the literature ( Figure 2 ). BPPV is typically triggered by changes in head position, leading to brief episodes of intense vertigo. Despite its prevalence, management can be challenging due to the nonspecific nature of symptoms and the diverse underlying causes. Polypharmacy, or the use of multiple medications, has also emerged as a significant factor in vertigo among older adults. Prescriptions involving several drugs, particularly antihypertensives and sedative hypnotics, have been linked to an increased likelihood of vertigo. Careful assessment of medication interactions and side effects during medical consultations is therefore essential. Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and hypoglycaemia, also contribute to vertigo in some individuals. However, in a portion of cases, the exact cause of vertigo remains unidentified, highlighting the complexity of diagnosis. Conclusion As one of the most common and disabling symptoms in the elderly, vertigo requires comprehensive and individualised care. Understanding its underlying physiological mechanisms, as well as recognising the multifactorial influences such as medication use, psychological health, and metabolic disorders, is essential for effective management. By adopting an integrated approach that prioritises accurate diagnosis and targeted interventions, clinicians can improve both symptom control and overall quality of life for individuals affected by vertigo. Further research is needed to enhance treatment strategies and address the remaining gaps in knowledge. Written by Maria Z Kahloon Project Gallery

Restoring cardiac tissue and reducing heart failure Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Why is there a need for cardiac regeneration? Last updated: 13/03/25, 11:37 Published: 06/03/25, 08:00 Restoring cardiac tissue and reducing heart failure Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale. Among its various manifestations, heart failure (HF) stands out as a significant public health concern, with a prevalence exceeding 23 million individuals worldwide. Heart failure, especially after a heart attack (myocardial infarction) or ischemic heart disease, is a major challenge. The five-year survival rate is less than 50%. In these patients, functional cardiomyocytes are substantially lost (cardiomyocytes refer to cardiac muscle cells). The remaining cardiomyocytes often attempt to compensate for this loss; however, this compensatory mechanism can lead to scar tissue formation, subsequently compromising the overall functionality of the cardiac muscle. Despite numerous advancements in medical science and therapeutic interventions, restoring lost cardiomyocytes in the adult mammalian heart remains a significant obstacle due to its poor regenerative capacity. Consequently, there exists an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Cardiac regeneration has emerged as a promising field of research focused on restoring cardiac tissue and reducing heart failure, offering hope for improved clinical outcomes in affected patients. Approaches for cardiac regeneration Cardiac regeneration has emerged as a pivotal area of research, and various innovative strategies, including stem cell therapies and gene therapy, are being explored. Stem cell therapies: Stem cell therapies utilise the ability of stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes or release factors that promote tissue repair. Preclinical studies involving animal models and early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated that stem cell interventions can enhance cardiac function. However, significant challenges remain concerning the efficacy and safety of these therapies in human subjects, necessitating further investigation. Gene therapy: Gene therapy delivers specific genes that directly support cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival to damaged cardiac tissue. Introducing these genes can activate specific intracellular signalling pathways, resulting in the replication and maturation of cardiac muscle cells. Ultimately, this strategy aims to restore normal heart function and improve cardiac health. Benefits of cardiac regeneration Cardiac regeneration has the potential to significantly enhance survival rates and improve the quality of life for patients with heart conditions. Compared to heart transplantation, cardiac regeneration offers a less invasive alternative with fewer complications related to immune rejection and lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Some of the potential benefits of cardiac regeneration are: Replacing the scar formation and improving heart function Reduce the dependency on medications Alternative to heart transplantation Reducing the healthcare costs Challenges to cardiac regeneration Cardiac regeneration remains a complex field marked by ethical considerations and scientific challenges that require thorough exploration. Stem cell therapy limitations include low engraftment rates, potential tumorigenesis, and difficulty effectively integrating host cardiac tissue. Additionally, immune rejection poses a substantial risk, affecting safety and efficacy. Beyond biological hurdles, the high cost of research, treatment development, and patient care presents a significant challenge to widespread adoption. Regulatory approval processes add another layer of complexity, as therapies must meet stringent safety and efficacy standards before clinical use. Furthermore, scalability remains an issue, as translating experimental techniques into large-scale, cost-effective treatments is a major obstacle in making cardiac regeneration accessible to a broader population. Moreover, it is imperative to deepen our understanding of the roles played by non-cardiomyocyte cell types such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells in cardiac regeneration. Conclusion Cardiac regeneration is a ray of hope for heart patients, significantly enhancing their chances of survival and quality of life. Therefore, cardiac regeneration demands thorough exploration, as it has the potential to transform the treatment and management of cardiovascular disease. Written by Prabha Rana Related article: Hypertension REFERENCES Baccouche, B. M., Elde, S., Wang, H., & Woo, Y. J. (2024). Structural, angiogenic, and immune responses influencing myocardial regeneration: a glimpse into the crucible. Npj Regenerative Medicine, 9(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41536-024-00357-z Pezhouman, A., Nguyen, N. B., Kay, M., Kanjilal, B., Noshadi, I., & Ardehali, R. (2023). Cardiac regeneration - Past advancements, current challenges, and future directions. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 182, 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.07.009 Sacco, A. M., Castaldo, C., di Meglio, F. di, Nurzynska, D., Palermi, S., Spera, R., Gnasso, R., Zinno, G., Romano, V., & Belviso, I. (2023). The Long and Winding Road to Cardiac Regeneration. Applied Sciences, 13(16), 9432. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169432 van der Pol, A., & Bouten, C. V. C. (2021). A Brief History in Cardiac Regeneration, and How the Extra Cellular Matrix May Turn the Tide. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.682342 Wang, J., An, M., Haubner, B. J., & Penninger, J. M. (2023). Cardiac regeneration: Options for repairing the injured heart. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.981982 Project Gallery

Health inequalities and inequities amid the ongoing civil war Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Healthcare challenges during civil war in Sudan Last updated: 19/06/25, 10:09 Published: 17/04/25, 07:00 Health inequalities and inequities amid the ongoing civil war This is article no. 2 in a series about global health injustices. Next article: Yemen: a neglected humanitarian crisis . Previous article: Life under occupation in Palestine Introduction Welcome to the second article of the Global Health Injustices Series. My previous article focused on the Palestinians and the injustices they face, notably the blockade of food, water and medical supplies in Gaza. This one will focus on Sudan by examining the health inequalities and inequities the wider Sudanese population faces, mainly due to the ongoing civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). This carries direct and indirect consequences ( Figure 1 ); some of these will be discussed in this article, along with ways forward to advocate and support the Sudanese people after an overview of Sudan’s history and current state. Sudan: a rich history to modern challenges Sudan is a country in North Africa bordered by South Sudan, Egypt, the Central African Republic, Libya, Chad to the northwest, Eritrea and Ethiopia. Sudan has had shifts in political power over centuries, notably the joint Egyptian-Ottoman rule beginning over 200 years ago before the British government took control of Sudan during the first half of the 20th century. After that, Sudan became independent, and South Sudan gained independence in the 21st century. Through these different shifts, there has been a struggle for representation and power in Sudan, leading to various crises, including the current civil war ( Figure 2 ). Despite this, Sudan maintains its multiple languages and cultural traditions through its resilient population. Aside from the SAF and RSF, the civil war in Sudan has arms trade and exports from external governments, particularly the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Russia, and China, have accelerated the civil war. This expansion is crucial because it illustrates how much geopolitics has severe consequences on the health and wellbeing of the Sudanese people. Health in Sudan: the consequences of civil war and geopolitics In a public health situation analysis (PHSA) by the World Health Organisation (WHO) published in 2024, they highlighted four major emergencies in Sudan: food insecurity, displacement, epidemics and conflicts, which are intrinsically linked to detrimental health outcomes like non-communicable diseases (NCDs), trauma and injury, measles and malaria. Moreover, several mortality indicators were noted in the PHSA. For example, the mortality rate among infants is 39 per 1000 people and for children, it is 54 per 1000, both originating from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). These outcomes among infants and children are attributed to health conditions, such as those occurring neonatally and lower respiratory infections. Nonetheless, there has been increased vaccine coverage in Sudan to fight the spread of infectious diseases. For example, COVID-19 vaccination reached approximately 12.6 million people (28% of the population) in March 2023, along with improved polio and rotavirus vaccination. However, all of these outcomes highlight the magnitude of the civil war in Sudan, with the impact of the arms trade adding fuel to it. Looking at Sudan’s healthcare system, there are several pressures to highlight. One commentary article noted that in conflict areas, less than one third of hospitals are operational, while 70% of them are not. Additionally, the operating hospitals stopped for various reasons, mainly shortages in electricity, medical equipment and healthcare workers. With the aforementioned geopolitical context, these gaps in the healthcare system are amplified and lead to the worsening health outcomes outlined in the PHSA, such as the rise in NCDs. Not only are NCDs rising in Sudan, but infectious diseases are exacerbated in Sudan with the civil war. One of them is drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), caused by bacteria. One systematic review found that the prevalence of TB with resistance to drugs was 47%; the ones that are not working on TB with the highest resistance include isoniazid at 32.3%, streptomycin at 31.7% and rifampicin at 29.2% resistance. These values are likely to be higher nowadays, given that arms trade exports into Sudan are increasing and leading to more patients not getting sufficient care to manage or treat DR-TB. Another infectious disease that is a significant health problem in Sudan is schistosomiasis, which is caused by parasites. One systematic review included two categories of the disease: Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) . S. haematobium prevalence was 24.83%, and for S. mansoni , it was 19.13%. These signify that although devising preventative strategies against these infections is crucial, it is paramount to consider the broader picture in Sudan: tackling schistosomiasis and other infections begins with understanding the geopolitical context. Looking at undernutrition among children in Sudan it is another significant health problem. For instance, a meta-analysis found that Sudan had the highest prevalence of stunting among North African countries at 36%; this was also true for wasting, where Sudan had a prevalence of wasting at 14.1% and a prevalence of underweight at 24.6%. Therefore, in a similar sentiment to tackling infectious diseases, understanding the geopolitical context in Sudan is vital to minimising the prevalence of undernutrition among children. Reflecting on all the data and sources I used above, gaps and perspectives still need to be addressed and highlighted, specifically in places within Sudan where the ongoing civil war severely impacts research. This signifies the importance of obtaining reliable information to support communities in Sudan facing numerous injustices. In turn, filling these information and perspective gaps may apply to other crises similar to Sudan. Protecting health in Sudan: crucial ways forward from NGOs To move forward, several NGOs, particularly Amnesty International, have made recommendations to protect the Sudanese people: As a part of their obligation to respect and ensure respect for international humanitarian law (IHL), all states are prohibited from transferring or permitting private actors to transfer weapons to a party to an armed conflict In light of the substantial risk that all arms and ammunition being transferred to Sudan….. will be used by parties to the conflict to commit grave human rights abuses, companies must immediately cease their involvement in this supply of arms to avoid causing or contributing to these abuses. If a company identifies that the products they sold have contributed to such abuses, they should provide for or cooperate in the remediation process to any persons harmed as a result. Therefore, taking these steps on board is essential to upholding human rights and ensuring that the health and wellbeing of the Sudanese people are sustained, particularly during the ongoing civil war. If not, these health inequities and inequalities will only be exacerbated. Moreover, the health outcomes from infectious and chronic diseases outlined are likely worse now, given how much weapons trading has occurred. Conclusion: call to action for the international community Overall, the civil war in Sudan has had devastating impacts on the health and wellbeing of the whole population, particularly the infants and children, among the other injustices. Unfortunately, this crisis has not received a lot of mainstream attention compared to others currently, such as Palestine, which is also a significant injustice. Therefore, Sudan must be addressed just as openly through discussions of justice and advocacy through the voices of the Sudanese people. Moreover, my statement in the previous article on Palestine rings true: It is crucial always to nudge those in positions of power worldwide to fulfil their responsibilities as civil servants and defend human rights for everyone. This is essential to maintain the health and wellbeing of the Sudanese people, particularly to facilitate the recommendations from NGOs such as Amnesty International. In my next article, I will discuss Yemen because this population is also encountering civil war as one of the many injustices which have been occurring for more than a decade, and Yemen is considered to be going through one of the worst humanitarian crises of our time. Similarly, these impacts on the health and wellbeing of the Yemeni people still need awareness and discussion. Written by Sam Jarada Related articles: A perspective on well-being / Understanding health through different stances / Impacts of global warming on dengue fever REFERENCES Crisis in Sudan: What is happening and how to help. The IRC. 2025. Available from: https://www.rescue.org/article/crisis-sudan-what-happening-and-how-help Khogali A, Homeida A. Impact of the 2023 armed conflict on Sudan’s healthcare system. Public Health Challenges. 2023 Oct 28;2(4). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/puh2.134 Elamin A, Abdullah S, ElAbbadi A, Abdellah A, Hakim A, Wagiallah N, et al. Sudan: from a forgotten war to an abandoned healthcare system. BMJ Global Health. 2024 Oct;9(10):e016406. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11529772/ New weapons fuelling the Sudan conflict. Amnesty International. 2024. Available from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2024/07/new-weapons-fuelling-the-sudan-conflict/#:~:text=Shipment%2Dlevel%20trade%20data%20indicates,into%20lethal%20weapons%20in%20Sudan . PHSA -Sudan Complex Emergency 030424 SUDAN CONFLICT. World Health Organisation (WHO); 2024. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/phsa--sudan-complex-emergency-030424.pdf?sfvrsn=81039842_1&download=true Alaa Dafallah, Osman, Ibrahim ME, Elsheikh RE, Blanchet K. Destruction, disruption and disaster: Sudan’s health system amidst armed conflict. Conflict and Health. 2023 Sep 27;17(1). Available from: https://conflictandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13031-023-00542-9 Hajissa, K., Marzan, M., Idriss, M.I. and Islam, M.A. (2021). Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics, 10(8), p.932. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080932 . Yousef Alsaafin, Omer, A., Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Ibrahim, M., Mohammed, A., Ammar Elfaki, Abushara, A. and SalahEldin, M.A. (2024). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. doi: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73966 . Nagwa Farag Elmighrabi, Catharine, Dhami, M.V., Elmabsout, A.A. and Agho, K.E. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of childhood undernutrition in North Africa. PLoS ONE, 18(4), pp.e0283685–e0283685. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283685 . Project Gallery

It's extremely pronounced in a technical environment Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link You're not a fraud: battling imposter syndrome in STEM Last updated: 22/05/25, 10:01 Published: 17/04/25, 07:00 It's extremely pronounced in a technical environment Background If you work in STEM or take even a keen interest in the field, it’s highly likely you’d have heard of and possibly experienced the term 'imposter syndrome'. Despite the glamorised success stories and carefully curated achievements we see in professional circles and on social media, let’s take a realistic step back - people struggle no matter how qualified they are. It’s okay to admit that, and it’s time we remove the stigma of this common experience. Coming into the Scientist Training Programme, I felt a sense of excitement and pride in my achievement of having even managed to get a place on the programme. As I settled in, this quickly turned into something else – fear, anxiety, worry. Feelings that I may not be good enough or I’m not where I belong. I seemed like the only one in my department without a postgraduate qualification. I began feeling out of place. It was only until I was able to put a label on this feeling – imposter syndrome, that I could take active steps to fix it. So, what is imposter syndrome? Put simply, it's the persistent feeling of self-doubt and inadequacy despite evident success. It makes you question whether you truly deserve your accomplishments, fearing that at any moment, someone will expose you as a fraud. This is extremely pronounced in a technical environment where your success is largely measured by your ability to tackle complex problems. Understanding its purpose While frustrating, imposter syndrome stems from a mechanism designed to keep us grounded and striving for growth. As social beings, we evolved to be highly attuned to hierarchies and belonging, and self-doubt may have once served as a protective mechanism, preventing reckless decisions. However, in today’s world, particularly in STEM fields, this innate caution can turn into chronic self-evaluation. The role of social media Imposter syndrome can be exacerbated through the often-unrealistic lens of social media. As I scroll through various social media platforms, I encounter countless posts showcasing often unrealistically flawless careers. Despite what you see in those 'day in the life' posts, not every STEM professional wakes up at 4am and has a cold shower. Rarely do we see the setbacks, rejections, or moments of self-doubt behind those polished posts, yet they exist for everyone. The distortion of what we see online is undoubtably a catalyst for imposter syndrome, but we can take a sensible step back and look at things through a realistic lens. Comparison truly can be the thief of joy if you let it. Coping strategies The good news is, it’s not all doom and gloom and there are strategies we can employ to handle our mischievous minds. As STEM professionals, sometimes we become isolated in our work, deeply ingrained in fixing a problem and not realising there are countless others to share your thoughts and feelings with. This is something I pushed myself to do and as I reached out to the wider community of trainee scientists, I quickly realised that I wasn’t alone. Almost everyone I had spoken to had shared a similar sentiment of having experienced imposter syndrome to some extent. It is important to remember that imposter syndrome is something that has been a universal experience for a very long time. It is certainly not a feeling that is exclusive to those in the early stages of their career as I surprisingly found out having networked with senior figures in the STEM community. My supervisor – a consultant clinical scientist with over 40 years of experience still experiences imposter syndrome as he tackles new challenges in the ever-evolving world of science. I have found that keeping a journal has been incredibly beneficial in logging my achievements -whether personal or career-related. Having a record of successes, no matter how small, serves as a tangible reminder that progress is being made, even when self-doubt tries to convince me otherwise. But the most effective tool I’ve discovered is something I’m still learning myself - self-compassion instead of self-criticism. It’s easy to be too hard on yourself, especially in STEM, where learning new things daily is the norm. The pressure to always have the right answers can make mistakes feel like failures rather than part of the learning process. But the reality is that growth comes from pushing through discomfort, not from perfection. Learning to extend yourself the same kindness you would offer a friend can make a world of difference in battling imposter syndrome. Reframing its meaning If you have experienced imposter syndrome I do have some good news for you – you’re pushing yourself out of your comfort zone in some way and challenging yourself. That is something to be proud of and its important to realise that experiencing imposter syndrome can sometimes simply be a mandatory byproduct of self-growth. You are exactly where you need to be. Even the greatest of minds can experience imposter syndrome. Albert Einstein himself once remarked: The exaggerated esteem in which my lifework is held makes me very ill at ease. I feel compelled to think of myself as an involuntary swindler. So, remember, you’re not alone in this struggle. When to seek help While imposter syndrome is something that a large majority of people experience, you should know when to seek help. If it manifests into something much more than occasional self-doubt, there is no shame in reaching out for help. Speaking to trusted friends or family about how you’re feeling is crucial to keep your mind in the right place. A qualified therapist will be well equipped to help you deal with imposter syndrome and keep you grounded. There are a wealth of online resources that can be used to help you; such as articles, self-help guides, and professional development communities – including the team here at Scientia News who offer strategies to build confidence and reframe negative thinking. Acknowledging imposter syndrome is the first step, but learning to challenge it is what truly allows you to move forward. And the next time you begin to doubt yourself, take a step back and think about your achievements and how they themselves were born from the ashes of self-doubt. Written by Jaspreet Mann Related articles: My role as a clinical computer scientist / Mental health strategies / Mental health in South Asian communities REFERENCES “Imposter Syndrome: A Curse You Share with EinsteinThesislink « Thesislink.” Thesislink, 10 July 2018, https://thesislink.aut.ac.nz/?p=6630 . NHS Inform (2023) ‘Imposter syndrome’, NHS Inform. Available at: https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/mental-wellbeing/stress/imposter-syndrome . Mind (2022) ‘Understanding imposter syndrome’, Mind. Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/imposter-syndrome/ . Healthline (2021) ‘What is imposter syndrome and how can you combat it?’, Healthline. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/imposter-syndrome . Psychology Today (2020) ‘Overcoming imposter syndrome’, Psychology Today. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/think-well/202002/overcoming-imposter-syndrome . beanstalk. Feel Like a Fraud? How to Overcome Imposter Syndrome - Employee and Family Resources . 1 Jan. 2023, https://efr.org/blog/feel-like-a-fraud . Ling, Ashley. “3 Ways to Get Past Imposter Syndrome.” Thir.St , 13 Aug. 2024, https://thirst.sg/3-ways-to-get-past-imposter-syndrome/ . Project Gallery

Healthy heart, healthy mind Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link How does physical health affect mental health? Last updated: 16/10/25, 10:20 Published: 30/01/25, 08:00 Healthy heart, healthy mind Introduction Over the last decade, maintaining good mental health has become an increasing global priority. More people are committing time to self-care meditation, and other cognitive practices. We have also seen a rise in people taking care of their physical health through exercise and clean eating. This is fantastic – people are making time for one of the most important aspects of life, their health! But with the fast-paced nature of modern lifestyles, it is hard to devote separate time each week to purely mental and physical wellbeing. What if there were ways we could enhance both physical and mental wellbeing at the same time? Are both forms of health completely distinct from one another, or could a change in one have an effect on the other? If you’re looking for ways to improve your self-care efficiency, this may be the article for you! Healthy heart, healthy mind Physical health is a lot easier to define, on account of it being largely visible. Mental health on the other hand lacks much of a concrete definition. What is widely agreed is that emotions and feelings play a large part in making up our mental health. Emotions are largely determined by how we feel about our current internal and external environment, meaning bad bodily signs (as part of our internal environment) will have a negative effect on our overall mood. This is why being ill puts us in such a bad mood – even a blocked nose can annoy us by affecting how we do everyday activities. Poor fitness levels are likely no different – not being the most physically capable and finding everyday physical tasks challenging will likely have an effect on your mood and your confidence. Recent studies have backed up this idea, namely that signs of bodily inflammation are associated with increased risk of depression and negative mood. The role of neurotransmitters So being physically fit is associated with having better mental health, but does that mean exercise itself is mentally health as well, or is it just the effect of exercise that makes us happy? In other words, we seem to enjoy the result, but do we enjoy the process too? Studies have found that exercise increases dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger in the brain) that signals reward and motivation, similar to when we earn something for the work we put in ( Figure 1 ). Exercise is therefore seen as rewarding to the brain. There is also a lot of evidence suggesting exercise increases serotonin levels in both rats and humans. Serotonin is also a neurotransmitter, associated with directly enhancing mood and even having anti-depressant effects. Experiments in rats even suggest that increases in serotonin can decrease anxiety levels. Now, this does not mean exercise alone can cure anxiety disorder or depression, but could it be a useful variable in a clinical setting? Clinical uses Studies in depressive patients suggest that, yes, exercise does lead to better mental and physical health in patients with depression. This pairs well with another common finding that depressed patients are very rarely willing to complete difficult tasks for reward. So even on an extreme clinical scale, mental ill-health can have very damning consequences on maintaining good physical health. On the other hand, simple activities such as light jogs or walks may be the key to reversing negative spirals and getting on the right track towards recovery ( Figure 2 ). Conclusion and what we can do So far we have pretty solid evidence that mental health can impact physical health and vice versa, both negatively and positively. Going back to the introductory question, yes! We can find activities that improve both our physical and mental health. The trick is to find exercises that we find enjoyable and rewarding. On the clinical side, this could mean that physical exercise may be as effective at remitting depressive symptoms as antidepressants, likely with a lot fewer side effects. With that said, stay active and have fun, it helps more than you think! Written by Ramim Rahman Related articles: Environmental factors in exercise / Stress and neurodegeneration / Personal training / Mental health awareness REFERENCES Nord, C. (2024) The balanced brain . Cambridge: Penguin Random House. Osimo, E.F. et al. (2020) ‘Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls’, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, pp. 901–909. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.010. Basso, J.C. and Suzuki, W.A. (2017) ‘The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A Review’, Brain Plasticity , 2(2), pp. 127–152. doi:10.3233/bpl-160040. [figure 1] DiCarlo, G.E. and Wallace, M.T. (2022) ‘Modeling dopamine dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: From invertebrates to vertebrates’, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 133, p. 104494. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.017. [figure 2] Donvito, T. (2020) Cognitive behavioral therapy for arthritis: Does it work? what’s it like?, CreakyJoints. Available at: https://creakyjoints.org/living-with-arthritis/mental-health/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-arthritis/ (Accessed: 06 December 2024) Project Gallery

A rare disease that causes inflammation in the blood vessels Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Understanding and detecting Kawasaki disease on time Last updated: 24/02/25, 11:31 Published: 06/02/25, 08:00 A rare disease that causes inflammation in the blood vessels What is Kawasaki disease? Kawasaki disease is a rare type of vasculitis that damages blood vessels through inflammation and is prevalent in children under the age of five. Kawasaki disease is predominantly found in children of Asian races–mainly in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Asian races in the US–and is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in most developed countries. What causes Kawasaki disease? There is no known cause of Kawasaki disease, however, studies suggest a link between genetics and the disease, noting a high incidence between siblings and in children with a parental history of Kawasaki disease. Another study provided further evidence of genetic susceptibility, stating that variation in the expression of CASP3 and ITPKC—genes heavily involved in T cell function—leads to an overexpression of T cells.This can be attributed to the inflammatory symptoms of the disease. There are speculations that it may be caused by an airborne agent originating in Central Asia which moves across different geographical regions. This study suggests that through winds, the airborne agent is able to cause Kawasaki disease via infection of the respiratory tract–further investigation is needed regarding this hypothesis. Diagnosing Kawasaki disease Symptoms of Kawasaki disease, which are often accompanied by a fever, are classified into three phases: acute, subacute, and convalescent. The acute phase usually lasts between two to three weeks and symptoms include: Carditis Mucosal inflammation (cracked and dry lips, strawberry tongue, swollen lymph nodes) Polymorphous rash Coronary artery aneurysms The subacute phase also lasts up to three weeks and includes symptoms such as: - Perineal and periungual desquamation - Arthralgia - Myocardial disease The convalescent phase is when most clinical signs dissolve and usually lasts up to three months. It is important to note that while most symptoms clear up during this phase, cardiac issues may still persist in some patients. Misdiagnosing Kawasaki disease is very common as its symptoms are similar to that of many diseases like scarlet fever or toxic shock syndrome. With that being said, confirming its diagnosis is often a case of ruling out these diseases. In addition to identifying symptoms linked to other diseases, conducting laboratory tests such as CRP, CBC, and ESR can help confirm a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. Additionally, echocardiograms and electrocardiograms can help assess coronary abnormalities as well as overall heart function. Treating Kawasaki disease Following diagnoses, patients are first administered an IVIG and a high dose of aspirin to reduce inflammation as well as eliminate pain, swelling and fever. Patients are then administered lower doses of aspirin which helps prevent blood clotting. Roughly 25% of untreated patients are at a higher risk of developing coronary artery aneurysms and lasting cardiovascular issues in general. This risk drops down to 5% when treated appropriately. IVIG is proven to be effective in treating approximately 85-90% of cases when administered within the first ten days of the illness which is why it is imperative that patients are treated early. X-rays are regularly conducted on patients as they can help visualise blood vessels and potential heart abnormalities that may suggest further complications. It can also observe the effectiveness of treatment over time. Post-recovery, an echocardiogram is recommended periodically to detect any coronary abnormalities that may have developed much later on. Summary Kawasaki disease is a rare disease that causes inflammation in the blood vessels. It normally develops in children under the age of five and is yet to have a known cause. It is often hard to diagnose as its symptoms are similar to that of other diseases, which is why it is important to identify its symptoms (polymorphous rash, mucosal inflammation, desquamation, etc) as well as conduct tests such as CBC, CRP, ESR, an electrocardiogram, etc to help rule out other diseases. It is essential that children with Kawasaki disease are diagnosed and treated early as this can help treat coronary artery aneurysm and prevent lasting coronary and cardiovascular abnormalities. Written by Sherine Latheef Related articles: Sideroblastic anaemia / Blood / Inflammation therapy REFERENCES Onouchi, Y., Ozaki, K., Buns, J.C., Shimizu, C., Hamada, H., Honda, T., Terai, M., Honda, A., Takeuchi, T., Shibuta, S., Suenaga, T., Suzuki, H., Higashi, K., Yasukawa, K., Suzuki, Y., Sasago, K., Kemmotsu, Y., Takatsuki, S., Saji, T. and Yoshikawa, T. (2010). Common variants in CASP3 confer susceptibility to Kawasaki disease. Human Molecular Genetics , 19(14), pp.2898–2906. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddq176 . Agarwal, S. and Agrawal, D.K. (2017). Kawasaki Disease: Etiopathogenesis and Novel Treatment Strategies. Expert review of clinical immunology , [online] 13(3), pp.247–258. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2017.1232165 . Wolff, A.E., Hansen, K.E. and Zakowski, L. (2007). Acute Kawasaki Disease: Not Just for Kids. Journal of General Internal Medicine , [online] 22(5), pp.681–684. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-006-0100-5 . Oh, J.-H., Cho, S. and Choi, J.A. (2023). Clinical Signs of Kawasaki Disease from the Perspective of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Recruiting Erythrocytes: A Literature Review. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine , 24(4), pp.109–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2404109 . Team, H.J. (2018). Kawasaki Disease - Causes, Signs, Symptoms,Treatment . [online] Health Jade. Available at: https://healthjade.com/kawasaki-disease/ . Project Gallery

Role of neurotransmitters in depression Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Inside out: the chemistry of depression Last updated: 10/07/25, 10:16 Published: 05/06/25, 07:00 Role of neurotransmitters in depression This is Article 2 in a series on psychiatric disorders and the brain. Next article coming soon. Previous article: What does depression do to your brain? Ever wondered what’s going on inside your brain when you’re feeling down? Imagine the scene from Inside Out , where Sadness takes over the control room, overshadowing the other emotions. That’s actually not too far from what happens during depression, but the changes in your brain are much more than just a battle of emotions. Depression is the most common mental illness globally. It is typically marked by a persistently low mood and energy, and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities. Risk factors include chronic stress, traumatic life events, genetic vulnerability, ageing, and female sex. While these influences are widely recognised, have you ever thought about what is actually happening inside your brain when you're depressed? You've probably heard phrases like “I need a serotonin boost,” but what does that really mean? What is serotonin, and how does it influence our emotions and mental health? What are neurotransmitters? Think of neurotransmitters as messenger pigeons between neurons. They are involved in communication between different neurons. Communication between neurons is called synaptic transmission. In synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in one neuron into the synaptic cleft (the gap between two neurons) and then bind to receptors on the receiving neuron. This is how information travels through the brain, allowing us to think, feel, and act. Serotonin is an example of a neurotransmitter. Others include dopamine, noradrenaline, acetylcholine. The monoamine theory of depression One of the most widely supported explanations for the neurobiology of depression is the monoamine theory. This theory suggests that depression results from an imbalance or deficiency of monoamines in the brain. Monoamines are a group of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, that are synthesised from the amino acids L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine. Fun fact: Did you know around 95% of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut? This is why there is growing interest in the gut-brain axis in mental health! Different neurotransmitter systems are involved in depression and even everyday emotion processing and regulation. The dopamine (DA) system plays a key role in experiencing reward and pleasure, often linked to feelings of joy. In contrast, the serotonin (5-HT) system is more associated with responses to punishment and aversive experiences, such as sadness or disgust. Noradrenaline (NE), on the other hand, is closely tied to fear, anger, and the activation of the "fight or flight" response during stressful situations. These neurotransmitters are thought to underlie three fundamental emotional states, which can combine in different ways to form a wide range of complex emotions. In the brain, these monoamines regulate mood, motivation, pleasure, and emotional stability. When levels are low, people may experience sadness, fatigue, apathy, and changes in appetite or sleep. This is why many antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), aim to increase the availability of these monoamines in the synapse, improving communication between neurons and, over time, alleviating symptoms. SSRI treatment, in particular, is based on the serotonin hypothesis, a subset of the broader monoamine theory of depression, which suggests that reduced serotonin levels contribute to depressive symptoms. Conclusion: why depression is more than a mood Depression isn’t just “feeling sad”; it is a real condition that involves real chemical changes in the brain. The monoamine theory helps explain this by focusing on key neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, which help control mood, motivation, and emotional balance. When these chemicals are out of sync, too low or not working properly, it can lead to the emotional numbness, low energy, and hopelessness that many people with depression experience. These neurotransmitters do not work in isolation; they influence how we respond to rewards, stress, and even daily activities. By understanding the biological changes behind depression, we take an important step toward not only understanding the condition but also reducing the stigma around it. Written by Chloe Kam Related articles: Emotional chemistry / Embarrassment / Postpartum depression in adolescent mothers REFERENCES Barchas, J.D. and Altemus, M. (1999) ‘Monoamine Hypotheses of Mood Disorders’, in Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th edition . Lippincott-Raven. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28257/ (Accessed: 3 May 2025). Jiang, Y. et al. (2022) ‘Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders’, Pharmaceuticals , 15(10), p. 1203. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15101203 . Project Gallery

'Manis pentadactyla' is the dominant pangolin species in China Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link Pangolins: from poached to protected Last updated: 27/03/25, 11:15 Published: 27/02/25, 08:00 'Manis pentadactyla' is the dominant pangolin species in China This is article no. 4 in a series on animal conservation. Next article: How Gorongosa National Park went from conflict to community . Previous article: Beavers are back in Britain Pangolins are a group of eight scaled mammal species from Asia and Africa. They are being poached mainly for their scales and meat, driving them to dangerously low numbers. Although commercial trade is banned for all species, pangolins are the most illegally trafficked animals in the world. One pangolin species has a fascinating story because of its appeal to traditional medicine and demand in a populated country. That species is the Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla , and this article will describe its threats and conservation efforts. About pangolins in China Manis pentadactyla is the dominant pangolin species in China, living south of the Yangtze River ( Figure 1 ). The Sunda pangolin Manis javanica has a tiny habitat in southwest China ( Figure 1 ). Pangolins prefer natural forests, with an ambient temperature of 18-27°C and plenty of termites and ants to eat. Both Chinese species were classified as critically endangered in 2014, though accurately estimating pangolins' distribution and population size is complex. This is because they are nocturnal, solitary, and live underground. Pangolins also make no obvious sounds, or leave no apparent traces, for scientists to detect their presence. Despite these challenges, Chinese scientists are learning more about pangolin habitat to improve conservation strategies. Threats facing Chinese pangolins Chinese pangolins are critically endangered for various human-caused reasons ( Figure 2 ). The biggest reason is poaching because pangolin meat is a local delicacy, and its scales, bones, and blood are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Pangolin scales have recently been removed from the official list of ingredients for Chinese medicine, but that has not stopped hospitals from selling them. In a recent study, only a third of Chinese hospitals selling roasted pangolin scales had the required permit. Permits are also needed to sell or manufacture patented medicines containing pangolin scales, considered the gold standard for treating many conditions. Because these medicines and pangolin meat are so revered, one hunted pangolin sells for up to 90,000 yuan (≈£9800). This has incentivised the hunting and illegal trafficking of non-native pangolin species into China - where they could outcompete, or spread diseases to native species. Thus, illicit trade for traditional medicine threatens Chinese pangolins. Habitat destruction has made Chinese pangolins more vulnerable to poaching. Natural forests are being destroyed to grow crops, grow economic trees like rubber, or build human infrastructure. Farms or rubber plantations have fewer ants and termites than natural forests, so pangolins cannot survive there. As a result, in some parts of China, the pangolin geographical range halved in 30 years. With acres of this unsuitable habitat separating fragments of forest, pangolins may struggle to find mates, and inbreeding could be an issue. Thus, habitat loss is contributing to the decline of the Chinese pangolin. Conservation Conservation measures were taken in the last few decades in response to the pangolin population decline. In China, hunting pangolins was first restricted in 1987, and they were given legal protection in 1989. The Chinese government tightened this protection in 2020 after suggestions that pangolins were an intermediate species for SARS-CoV-2 to transmit from bats to humans. In addition to national restrictions, international authorities restricted pangolin trade, and the Chinese government ran public awareness campaigns about their endangered status ( Figure 3 ). Pangolins also have 100,000 squared kilometres of protected habitat in China, though this is only 9% of what models predict as a suitable pangolin habitat. Habitat protection and trade restrictions are essential to protect pangolins because captive breeding has either failed or acted as a front for illegal trafficking. Although Chinese pangolin conservation has come far in the last 40 years, more can be done. Conclusion Humans have driven Chinese pangolins to near extinction, mainly by hunting for traditional medicine ingredients and destroying native habitats. Conservation efforts have primarily involved legal and habitat protection, but pangolins are challenging to monitor and impossible to breed in captivity. Hopefully, public awareness and a clampdown on illegal trafficking will help to save this unique mammal species. Written by Simran Patel Related articles: Conservation of marine iguanas / Galapagos tortoises REFERENCES Challender, D. et al. (2013) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Manis pentadactyla . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/en (Accessed 23rd October 2024). Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (2017) Appendices I, II and III valid from 4 October 2017 . Available from: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/app/2017/E-Appendices-2017-10-04.pdf . Mammoser, G. (20th February 2017) Chinese Police Go After ‘Pangolin Princess’ Who Proudly Eats Endangered Species. VICE . Available from: https://www.vice.com/en/article/chinese-police-go-after-pangolin-princess-who-proudly-eats-endangered-species/ (Accessed 23rd October 2024). Wang, Y., Turvey, S.T. & Leader-Williams, N. (2023) The scale of the problem: understanding the demand for medicinal pangolin products in China. Nature Conservation . 52: 47–61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.52.95916 (Accessed 23rd October 2024). Xinhua News Agency (2015) Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Construction of Ecological Civilization . Beijing: The Central Government of the People’s Republic of China. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/05/content_2857363.htm (Accessed 23rd October 2024). Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Tang, X., Xi, F., Cen, P., Pan, Z., Ye, W. & Wu, S. (2024) Predicting the distribution and characteristics of Chinese pangolin habitat in China: Implications for conservation. Global Ecology and Conservation . 51: e02907. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424001112 (Accessed 23rd October 2024). Zhang, F., Wang, W., Mahmood, A., Wu, S., Li, J. & Xu, N. (2021) Observations of Chinese pangolins ( Manis pentadactyla ) in mainland China. Global Ecology and Conservation . 26: e01460. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235198942100010X (Accessed 23rd October 2024). Zhang, F., Wu, S. & Cen, P. (2022) The past, present and future of the pangolin in Mainland China. Global Ecology and Conservation . 33: e01995. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235198942100545X (Accessed 19th October 2024). Project Gallery

A restored wildlife reserve in Mozambique Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link How Gorongosa National Park went from conflict to community Last updated: 06/11/25, 11:53 Published: 27/03/25, 08:00 A restored wildlife reserve in Mozambique This is article no. 5 in a series on animal conservation. Next article: Emperor penguins, the kings of the ice . Previous article: Pangolins: from poached to protected . Gorongosa National Park was the centre of a dark time in Mozambique’s history, which led to most mammals being hunted and entire species going locally extinct. Over the last 20 years, a public-private collaboration has restored many of these species and made Gorongosa National Park a healthy ecosystem again. In this article, I explore what nearly wiped out Gorongosa’s mammals and how they are doing today. About Gorongosa National Park Gorongosa National Park is a wildlife reserve in Mozambique containing grasslands, savannahs, woodlands, and wetlands. It lies at the East African Rift's southern end, making for a complex geological landscape centred around Lake Urema ( Figure 1 ). Lake Urema and the rivers draining into it support a high diversity of herbivorous mammals like elephants, zebras, and antelopes. Civil war and subsequent recovery Gorongosa National Park has illustrated the connections between society and ecology for decades. Civil war raged in Mozambique between 1977 and 1992. During this war, both sides hunted without restrictions in Gorongosa for meat and for valuable animal parts like ivory, which were exported to pay for ammunition. This decreased the population sizes of all animal species in the national park by at least 90%. Twelve years after the war ended, an American non-profit called the Gregory Carr Foundation partnered with the government of Mozambique to conserve and restore Gorongosa. The initiative, now called the Gorongosa Project, aims to bring back mammal species which went locally extinct in the war. In addition to providing healthcare, jobs, and education to 200,000 people living near the national park, the Gorongosa Project invests in tourism and ecological research. Ecologists are interested in how different animal species would rebound from the war and how a diverse ecosystem could be created nearly from scratch. By fostering healthy connections between local communities, scientists, and wildlife after the Mozambican Civil War, the Gorongosa Project has become something special. How different animal species recovered after the Mozambican Civil War Since mammalian herbivores were the cornerstone of pre-war Gorongosa National Park, their recovery has been prioritised. The populations of most herbivores have increased since the Civil War but at varying rates. Waterbucks, a species of antelope, have dominated Gorongosa in the years following the war ( Figure 2 ). This could be because more waterbuck survived the war in the first place and/or because they naturally reproduced faster than other mammals. Stalmans et al. found that waterbucks were found to be growing as fast as they biologically could, as though they had infinite resources and no diseases or predators. Meanwhile, the populations of larger herbivores like hippos, buffaloes, and elephants, which used to dominate Gorongosa, are recovering much slower than waterbucks ( Figure 2 ). With this change in the herbivore community came changes in vegetation. According to Daskin et al., the amount of land covered by trees in Gorongosa increased by 34% between 1977 and 2012 ( Figure 3 ). This was because there were fewer elephants or other ‘browsing’ herbivores to clear out woody vegetation. Thus, the Mozambican Civil War altered the community structure of herbivorous mammals and plants in Gorongosa National Park. After herbivores showed signs of recovery, scientists turned to restoring carnivorous mammals. Lions were the only carnivores not to go locally extinct during the war, so they recovered fastest. Between 2012 and 2016, Bouley et al. counted 104 lions in Gorongosa – about half the pre-war count. Following the success of lions, wild dogs were introduced from two different South African populations in 2018 and 2019. Over the following three breeding seasons, 82 pups were born, and dogs originally from different populations naturally formed their own packs. Wild dogs and lions prefer different prey and hunt in different habitats within Gorongosa, allowing both carnivores to coexist. This successful restoration of mammalian carnivores completed Gorongosa National Park’s post-war ecosystem. Conclusion After most mammals in Gorongosa National Park were hunted during a civil war, the Gorongosa Project restored a functioning ecosystem by diligently monitoring wildlife and working alongside local people. The park has brought attention to the often neglected non-human impacts of war. Conservationists are optimistic that if Gorongosa National Park’s ecosystem can recover from almost nothing, it is not too late to save other damaged ecosystems. Although Gorongosa’s ecosystem today is dominated by waterbucks, time will tell whether populations of carnivores and larger herbivores will return to their former glory. Written by Simran Patel Related articles: Galapagos tortoises / Vicuna conservation / Wildlife corridors REFERENCES Stalmans, M.E. et al. (2019) ‘War-induced collapse and asymmetric recovery of large-mammal populations in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique’, PLOS ONE , 14(3), p. e0212864. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212864 . Daskin, J.H., Stalmans, M. and Pringle, R.M. (2016) ‘Ecological legacies of civil war: 35-year increase in savanna tree cover following wholesale large-mammal declines’, Journal of Ecology , 104(1), pp. 79–89. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12483 . Bouley, P. et al. (2018) ‘Post-war recovery of the African lion in response to large-scale ecosystem restoration’, Biological Conservation , 227, pp. 233–242. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.024 . Bouley, P. et al. (2021) ‘The successful reintroduction of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) to Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique’, PLOS ONE , 16(4), p. e0249860. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249860 . Gorongosa National Park (2020) Our Mission , Gorongosa National Park . Available at: https://gorongosa.org/our-mission-2/ (Accessed: 8 December 2024). Poole, J. et al. (2023) ‘A culture of aggression: the Gorongosa elephants’ enduring legacy of war’, Pachyderm , 64, pp. 37–62. Available at: https://doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v64i.518 . Project Gallery

The utilisation of Stonehenge as an astronomical calculator Facebook X (Twitter) WhatsApp LinkedIn Pinterest Copy link The celestial blueprint of time: Stonehenge, United Kingdom Last updated: 08/10/25, 16:22 Published: 09/10/25, 07:00 The utilisation of Stonehenge as an astronomical calculator This is Article 3 in a series about astro-archaeology. Next article coming soon. Previous article: The astronomical symbolism of the Giza Pyramids . Stonehenge, located within the south-west of England, is one of the UK’s most notable man-made structures, built during the neolithic period around 3100BC. Not only is this famous UNESCO heritage site a breakthrough in engineering, but the sandstone architecture also holds an enigmatic connection between the land and the sky. Its location and stone arrangement mirrors a blueprint that can be analysed to predict the timings of astronomical phenomena. The utilisation of Stonehenge as an astronomical calculator was established by astronomer Gerald Hawkins in 1965. Using computer software, Hawkins discovered that the location of Stonehenge aligned with several solar and lunar positions. He theorised that Stonehenge was built to predict astronomical events, such as eclipses, and to determine the position of summer and winter solstices. From the shape and positions of the 19 stones that comprise Stonehenge, its ‘horseshoe’ shape could predict the lunar eclipses. A booklet titled Stonehenge: Sun, Moon, Wandering Stars , written by M.W. Postins further detailed the significance of Stonehenge in archaeoastronomy. Postins suggested two scale models, the ‘Temple model’ and the ‘Enclosure model’, which detailed the significance of each stone and its relation to different events. For example, the booklet notes that the Altar Stone, a large sandstone located in the centre of Stonehenge, was placed across the solstice axis and represents the ‘Summer solstice sunrise’. Additionally, Postins hypothesised that the five trilithons, which are the vertical stones that form the structure of Stonehenge, represented planets that can be viewed with the naked eye. These include the two lowest trilithons on the East and Northern sides of the structure, representing Mercury and Venus. There has been new research, currently underway by the universities of Oxford, Leicester and Bournemouth in collaboration with the Royal Astronomical Society, linking the Stonehenge monument to a unique lunar phenomenon, called the ‘Major Lunar Standstill’. Right from the early construction of Stonehenge, researchers note that the major lunar standstill may have influenced the design of the monument. Four of the stones at Stonehenge align with two of the Moon’s positions, which aid to indicate moonrise and moonset. This would have allowed individuals to use the moonlight for longer periods of activity, such as night time hunting, as well as visualise the cycle of the lunar phases as a method of time watching for farming and celebratory purposes. Potentially, there is speculation that this made the positioning and construction of Stonehenge intentional. The timeless effect of the Stonehenge landmark, which shaped life in the past and continues to be of astronomical interest to determine the future, is a remarkable example of the functions of built structures for the analysis of astronomical events. It truly is a celestial blueprint for the relationship between the earth and cosmology. Written by Shiksha Teeluck Related article: Astro-geography of Lonar Lake REFERENCES English Heritage. (2024). Stonehenge: Major Lunar Standstill . https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/things-to-do/major-lunar-standstill/ OSR. (2009). Stonehenge: An Astronomical Calculator . https://osr.org/blog/astronomy/stonehenge-an-astronomical-calculator/?srsltid=AfmBOopNQnJ-XUZSyLY_Aqu3L2nOJgSoAceRzQJIVZbsIsFhW6s3U_NT Tiverton & Mid Devon Astronomy Society. (n.d.). Astro-Archaeology at Stonehenge . http://www.tivas.org.uk/stonehenge/stone_ast.html Project Gallery